Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 May;35(4):214-218.
doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2024.12.005. Epub 2024 Dec 10.

Space for improvement: ZIP codes should not determine cardiovascular longevity, a scoping review

Aysenur Musaogullari  1 , Jeffrey Moorhead  2 , Alejandro Plana  3 , Amber Johnson  4
Affiliations

Space for improvement: ZIP codes should not determine cardiovascular longevity, a scoping review

Aysenur Musaogullari et al. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2025 May.

Abstract

Location-based disparities in cardiovascular health are multifaceted and deeply intertwined with historical, environmental, socioeconomic, and healthcare access factors. This scoping review explores the associations between residential locations and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We reviewed articles that describe environmental influences, socioeconomic determinants, healthcare access challenges, and societal influences in the location-specific development of CVD. We describe some of the social determinants within geographical and neighborhood-level contexts that drive CVD inequality and explore potential future directions for addressing these disparities.

Keywords: Cardiac risk factors; Environment; Risk prediction; Social determinants of health.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

References

    1. The Untold Story of the ZIP Code: Office of Inspector General; 2013. [Available from: https://www.uspsoig.gov/reports/white-papers/untold-story-zip-code.
    1. ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs): US Census Bureau; [updated August 10, 2023. Available from: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/zct....
    1. Grubesic TH. Zip codes and spatial analysis: Problems and prospects. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences. 2008;42(2):129–49.
    1. Diez Roux AV, Merkin SS, Arnett D, Chambless L, Massing M, Nieto FJ, et al. Neighborhood of residence and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(2):99–106. - PubMed
    1. Dalton JE, Perzynski AT, Zidar DA, Rothberg MB, Coulton CJ, Milinovich AT, et al. Accuracy of Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Varies by Neighborhood Socioeconomic Position: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167(7):456–64. - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources