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. 2024 Nov 28:13:103071.
doi: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.103071. eCollection 2024 Dec.

Experimental optimization for synthesis of cerium-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles by modified sol-gel process

Mousab Salaheldeen Mirghani  1
Affiliations

Experimental optimization for synthesis of cerium-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles by modified sol-gel process

Mousab Salaheldeen Mirghani. MethodsX. .

Abstract

A systematic experimental optimization procedure was developed for the synthesis of cerium-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles (CeTNPs) based on modified sol-gel process. The nanocomposite was prepared using titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) as a catalyst precursor, while utilizing the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 in cyclohexane as a stabilizing agent. The synthesis process was optimized by identifying the main experimental factors that affect the properties of the nanoparticles, primarily the structural phase and particle size. The synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase and size, field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) for morphology, particle size analyzer (PSA) for size distribution, and Brunaur, Emmett, and Teller (BET) for surface area and pores characteristics. The photocatalytic activity of the optimized sample was tested for the removal of methyl orange (MO) and lead (II) from aqueous solutions, and the results indicate superior performance as the catalyst uptakes were 14.8 mg/l and 11.4 mg/l for methyl orange and lead (II), respectively. The main highlights of the proposed procedure are as follows:•Identification of the key variables impacting the structural and morphological properties.•Establishing the levels of each factor based on experimental findings.•Generation of all possible combinations of factors based on ANOVA, then characterization of the synthesized material from every possible combination.

Keywords: Cerium doping; Experimental optimization for synthesis of cerium-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles by modified sol-gel process; Modified sol-gel method; Photocatalysis; Titanium dioxide.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Image, graphical abstract
Graphical abstract
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
XRD analysis of the optimal sample (R13).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Particle size distribution of the optimal sample (R13).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Particle size distribution of sample (R9) (near optimal).
Fig. 4a
Fig. 4
(a) EDS spectrum of favorable sample (R13). (b) EDS spectrum of less favorable sample (R20).
Fig. 5a
Fig. 5
(a) FE-SEM images of samples R9 (left) and R13 (right). (b) FE-SEM images of sub-optimal sample (R20).
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Removal of methyl orange and lead (II) by CeTNP (sample R13).
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Removal of methyl orange by CeTNP (samples R4, R9, R14, and R20).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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