A Novel Ultrasensitive Second Derivative Synchronous Spectrofluorimetric Approach for the Simultaneous Analysis of the Co-Administered Antihypertensives, Telmisartan and Carvedilol in Biological Fluids and Tablets: Greenness and Blueness Assessment

Abstract

Hypertension is the predominant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and mortality. This study presents the first method for the simultaneous analysis of the co-administered antihypertensive drugs, Carvedilol (CAR) and Telmisartan (TEL) using a fast, highly sensitive, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric approach. The fluorescence of CAR and TEL was quantified at 243 nm and 274.4 nm, respectively. The measurement was conducted using a wavelength difference (Δλ) of 100.0 nm. The proposed technique showed remarkable linearity (r = 0.9999) within the defined concentration ranges for CAR (1.0-20.0 ng/mL) and TEL (1.0-50.0 ng/mL). The results showed that the suggested approach has very high sensitivity, with limits of detections of 0.247 and 0.120 ng/mL for CAR and TEL, respectively. This indicates that the developed technique is suitable for bioanalytical purposes. The within-run precisions, including both inter-day and intra-day variations, for both analytes were found to be less than 0.79% RSD. The implemented method was successfully utilized to concurrently determine the specified pharmaceuticals in both tablet dosage forms and human plasma samples, resulting in excellent %recoveries and low % RSD values. The method's exceptional greenness and eco-friendliness were demonstrated by the GAPI and AGREE metrics. Moreover, the practicality, applicability, and economical nature of the method were assessed using BAGI tool. The three metrics showed how practical and sustainable the new approach is, and how well it can be applied for the regular analysis of the studied drugs. The ICHQ2 (R1) criteria were followed for the validation of the suggested approach.

Keywords: Carvedilol; Greenness; Plasma; Synchronous spectrofluorimetry; Telmisartan.