Exploring micronutrients and microbiome synergy: pioneering new paths in cancer therapy

Abstract

The human microbiome is the complex ecosystem consisting of trillions of microorganisms that play a key role in developing the immune system and nutrient metabolism. Alterations in the gut microbiome have been linked to cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and response to treatment. Accumulating evidence suggests that levels of vitamins and minerals influence the gut environment and may have implications for cancer risk and progression. Bifidobacterium has been reported to reduce the colorectal cancer risk by binding to free iron. Additionally, zinc ions have been shown to activate the immune cells and enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapy. Higher selenium levels have been associated with a reduced risk of several cancers, including colorectal cancer. In contrast, enhanced copper uptake has been implicated in promoting cancer progression, including colon cancer. The interaction between cancer and gut bacteria, as well as dysbiosis impact has been studied in animal models. The interplay between prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics and gut bacteria in cancer offers the diverse physiological benefits. We also explored the particular probiotic formulations like VSL#3, Prohep, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), etc., for their ability to modulate immune responses and reduce tumor burden in preclinical models. Targeting the gut microbiome through antibiotics, bacteriophage, microbiome transplantation-based therapies will offer a new perspective in cancer research. Hence, to understand this interplay, we outline the importance of micronutrients with an emphasis on the immunomodulatory function of the microbiome and highlight the microbiome's potential as a target for precision medicine in cancer treatment.

Keywords: cancer; dysbiosis; microbiome; micronutrients; probiotics.

Figure 1

Microbe targeted vitamin supplementation modulates the host health.

Figure 2

Modulation of gut microbiota based on Se and Fe levels. Adequate dietary intake supports Se and Fe biosynthesis. Low Se absorption by gut microbes leads to sodium selenite metabolizing into SeCys and SeMet. Deficient Se levels may increase colon adenocarcinoma and S. typhi infection risk, while elevated levels are linked to CRC. Normal Se levels promote homeostasis between host and microbiota, aided by Lactobacillus rhamnosus, which helps prevent colon issues by eliminating excess lead. SeP present in gut microbial genes influence immune cell polarization, reducing tumor progression. Unabsorbed Fe(II) can trigger gut inflammation, but normal Fe levels support essential functions like DNA replication, energy regulation, and cellular respiration. Se, selenium; Fe, iron; SeCys, selenocysteine; SeMet, selenomethionine; SeP, selenoproteins; Pb, lead; CRC, colorectal cancer.

Figure 3

Zinc transporter proteins regulate cellular Zn storage and distribution. Adequate Zn levels maintain controlled phosphorylation-dependent MAPKs and Akt cell cycle signaling pathways (left). Zn deficiency induces DNA damage and cancer. Zn supplementation triggers necrotic response in tumor cells, inhibiting division, and enhances gut microflora, offering additional benefits (right).

Figure 4

Microbes and biotics in cancer treatment.

Figure 5

Utilizing gut microbiota-based strategies for cancer management.