Indian Shot (Canna Indica L). Leaves Provide Valuable Insights into the Management of Inflammation and Other Associated Disorders Offering Health Benefits

Abstract

Background: Throughout history, plants have played a crucial role in advancing medicinal treatments by providing a diverse range of compounds for the development of innovative therapies. Canna indica L. a tropical herb of the Cannaceae family, also known as Indian shot, has a rich history of traditional use in treating ailments like inflammation, malaria, dysentery, fever, dropsy, and diarrhea.

Objective: This comprehensive research invesigates the extract preparation of C. indica leaves using multidisciplinary analytical approaches for this extract in order to shed light on its therapeutic potentials.

Methods: The research, an international collaboration involving researchers from Bangladesh and China, utilized GC-MS/MS analysis to identify bioactive compounds across different C. indica extracts. Biological assays were conducted to assess antimicrobial activity using the disc diffusion method (in vitro), cytotoxicity through the brine shrimp lethality assay (in vitro), analgesic effects via the acetic acid-induced writhing test (in vivo), and antidiarrheal activity with the castor oil-induced diarrhea model (in vivo). Molecular docking studies were performed to determine binding affinities with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), Dihydrofolate Reductase (DHFR), Delta Opioid Receptor (DOR), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) receptors.

Results: The GC-MS/MS analysis identified 35, 43, 27, and 20 compounds in dichloromethane, aqueous, petroleum ether, and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively. The aqueous (AQSF) and dichloromethane (DCMSF) extracts showed notable antimicrobial activity, particularly against gram-negative bacteria. Cytotoxicity tests indicated that ethyl acetate (EASF) and dichloromethane (DCMSF) fractions were potent. Analgesic activity was highest in DCMSF, and antidiarrheal effects were dose-dependent, with DCMSF showing the greatest efficacy. Molecular docking revealed strong affinities of Ergostane-3,5,6,12,25-pentol, 25-acetate, (3.beta.,5.alpha.,6.beta.,12.beta).- for EGFR and Norgestrel for COX-2.

Conclusion: This research provides valuable insights into the bioactivity evaluation of C. indica, bridging the gap between its chemical composition and diverse biological effects. The findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge in natural product-based drug discovery and underscore the significance of C. indica as a potential source of novel therapeutic agents to treat inflammation and other disease states.

Keywords: Canna indica; GC-MS/MS; analgesic; antidiarrheal; antimicrobial; cytotoxicity; molecular docking.

Figure 1

GC–MS/MS Chromatogram of Dichloromethane extract of Canna indica.

Figure 2

GC–MS/MS Chromatogram of Aqueous extract of Canna indica.

Figure 3

GC–MS/MS Chromatogram of Petroleum Ether extract of Canna indica.

Figure 4

GC–MS/MS Chromatogram of Ethyl Acetate extract of Canna indica.

Figure 5

Cytotoxic effect of different fractions of leaves of Canna indica.

Figure 6

Antidihreal and Analgesic activities of different fractions of leaves of Canna indica.

Figure 7

Molecular Interactions of Phytochemicals with EGFR enzyme with the most prominent phytocompounds, here (A) interactions of Compound 46 and EGFR enzyme, (B) interactions of Compound 53 and EGFR enzyme, (C) interactions of Compound 92 and EGFR enzyme, (D) interactions of Compound 95 and EGFR enzyme, (E) interactions of standard Lapatinib and EGFR.

Figure 8

Molecular Interactions of Phytochemicals with DHFR enzyme with the most prominent phytocompounds, here (A) interactions of Compound 10 and DHFR enzyme, (B) interactions of Compound 20 and DHFR enzyme, (C) interactions of Compound 95 and DHFR enzyme, (D) interactions of Compound 99 and DHFR enzyme, (E) interactions of standard Ciprofloxacin and DHFR.

Figure 9

Molecular Interactions of Phytochemicals with DOR enzyme with the most prominent phytocompounds, here (A) interactions of Compound 29 and DOR enzyme, (B) interactions of Compound 95 and DOR enzyme, (C) interactions of Compound 96 and DOR enzyme, (D) interactions of Compound 99 and DOR enzyme, (E) interactions of standard Loperamide and DOR.

Figure 10

Molecular Interactions of Phytochemicals with TNF-α enzyme with the most prominent phytocompounds, here (A) interactions of Compound 7 and TNF-α enzyme, (B) interactions of Compound 10 and TNF-α enzyme, (C) interactions of Compound 92 and TNF-α enzyme, (D) interactions of Compound 96 and TNF-α enzyme, (E) interactions of Compound 99 and TNF-α enzyme, (F) interactions of standard Diclofenac and TNF-α enzyme.

Figure 11

Molecular Interactions of Phytochemicals with COX-2 enzyme with the most prominent phytocompounds, here (A) interactions of Compound 4 and COX-2 enzyme, (B) interactions of Compound 11 and COX-2 enzyme, (C) interactions of Compound 59 and COX-2 enzyme, (D) interactions of Compound 87 and COX-2 enzyme, (E) interactions of Compound 99 and COX-2 enzyme, (F) interactions of standard Diclofenac and COX-2.