Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2024 Aug 22;4(6):498-511.
doi: 10.1021/acspolymersau.4c00049. eCollection 2024 Dec 11.

Investigation of Antibacterial Coatings Based on Chitosan/Polyacrylic Acid/Chlorhexidine for Orthopedic Implants

Balzhan Savdenbekova  1   2 , Ayazhan Seidulayeva  1   2 , Aruzhan Sailau  1   2 , Zhanar Bekissanova  1   2 , Dilafruz Rakhmatullayeva  1   2 , Ardak Jumagaziyeva  3
Affiliations

Investigation of Antibacterial Coatings Based on Chitosan/Polyacrylic Acid/Chlorhexidine for Orthopedic Implants

Balzhan Savdenbekova et al. ACS Polym Au. .

Abstract

Antibacterial coatings on model silicon wafers and implants, based on chitosan (CHI), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), and the antibacterial agent chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), were obtained using a layer-by-layer assembly method. The surface roughness and 2D and 3D images of the surfaces of CHI/PAA/CHX coatings obtained from different pH assemblies were investigated by atomic force microscopy, revealing that pH 6 enabled optimal inclusion of CHX in the multilayer film. The structure and elemental composition before and after implementation of CHX into the coating were investigated via scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The obtained films exhibited antimicrobial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The effects of CHX concentration and duration of contact with the coating on bacterial activity were investigated, and the quantitative release of CHX from coated implants in phosphate buffer was determined as a function of the incubation time. The biocompatibility of the PAA/CHI/CHX coatings was investigated using human mononuclear cells (HMNCs) and quantified using an MTT assay. HMNCs demonstrated high viability in eluted solutions obtained from implants coated with PAA/CHI/CHX (0.025%) and PAA/CHI/CHX (0.0125%), while the extract of implants coated with PAA/CHI/CHX (0.05%) induced slight cytotoxicity.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Scheme for obtaining PAA/CHI/CHX antibacterial coatings.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Surfaces of silicon wafers and implants before and after treatment (A) and changes in the contact angle of the substrate before and after treatment (B).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Two-dimensional and 3D AFM images of (PAA/CHI)14.5 thermally cross-linked LbL films obtained at pH 3–7 (a–e). Roughness values were recorded from images with a 20 × 20 μm2 scan size.
Figure 4
Figure 4
AFM images of (PAA/CHI)14.5 films before (without (a) and with (b) thermal cross-linking) and after (c) CHX (0.025%) loading. Roughness values were recorded from images with a 10 × 10 μm2 scan size.
Figure 5
Figure 5
SEM images of coating (A), dependence of dry film (PAA/CHI)14.5 thickness on pH assembly (B), film growth at different pH assemblies (C), and SEM/EDX spectra of uncoated and coated substrates (D).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Antibacterial activity of LbL coatings (PAA/CHI)14.5/CHX (0.05%) obtained at different pH assemblies against S. aureus ATCC 6538-P after exposure for 24 and 72 h.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Antibacterial activity of coatings with different compositions against S. aureus ATCC 6538-P.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Antibacterial activity of coatings at different CHX concentrations against S. aureus ATCC 6538-P and S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 after exposure for 24 h (A), activity of aged coating during storage (B), and evaluation effect of the number of bilayers on activity (C).
Figure 9
Figure 9
Antibacterial activity of coating on implants intended for the lower leg (sample a), collarbone (sample b), and tibia fibula (sample c) after a certain time (6 to 72 h) of contact with S. aureus ATCC 6538-P.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Absorption spectra of the released CHX solution at different time intervals (A) and release of CHX at different times (B).
Figure 11
Figure 11
Cytotoxicity of extracts from implants with coatings of different compositions: (a) (PAA/CHI)14.5, (b) (PAA/CHI)14.5/CHX (0.0125%), (c) (PAA/CHI)14.5/CHX (0.025%), (d) (PAA/CHI)14.5/CHX (0.05%), and (e) CHX (0.05%).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Tejwani N. C.; Immerman I. Myths and Legends in Orthopaedic Practice: Are We All Guilty?. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008, 466 (11), 2861–2872. 10.1007/s11999-008-0458-2. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Spriano S.; Yamaguchi S.; Baino F.; Ferraris S. A Critical Review of Multifunctional Titanium Surfaces: New Frontiers for Improving Osseointegration and Host Response, Avoiding Bacteria Contamination. Acta Biomater 2018, 79, 1–22. 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.08.013. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Chug M. K.; Brisbois E. J. Recent Developments in Multifunctional Antimicrobial Surfaces and Applications toward Advanced Nitric Oxide-Based Biomaterials. ACS Materials Au 2022, 2 (5), 525–551. 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.2c00040. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Udduttula A.; Jakubovics N.; Khan I.; Pontiroli L.; Rankin K. S.; Gentile P.; Ferreira A. M. Layer-by-Layer Coatings of Collagen–Hyaluronic Acid Loaded with an Antibacterial Manuka Honey Bioactive Compound to Fight Metallic Implant Infections. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2023, 15 (50), 58119–58135. 10.1021/acsami.3c11910. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wang M.; Tang T. Surface Treatment Strategies to Combat Implant-Related Infection from the Beginning. J. Orthop Translat 2019, 17, 42–54. 10.1016/j.jot.2018.09.001. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources