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. 2025 Jan;32(1):189-207.
doi: 10.1007/s11356-024-35731-3. Epub 2024 Dec 16.

Novel LCA-centric mix design approach for alkali-activated EAF slag with hybrid optimization techniques

Anant Mishra  1 , Bikash Ranjan Tiwari  2 , Subhasis Pradhan  1 , Satinder Kaur Brar  3 , Mukund Lahoti  4
Affiliations

Novel LCA-centric mix design approach for alkali-activated EAF slag with hybrid optimization techniques

Anant Mishra et al. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2025 Jan.

Abstract

This study presents an innovative life cycle assessment (LCA)-centric approach for optimizing the mix design of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) as sustainable alternatives to ordinary portland cement (OPC). The AAMs are developed using electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) and fly ash as precursors. The environmental performance is evaluated using the ReCiPe midpoint methodology, considering both mass and economic allocation methods. The results indicate that global warming potential and terrestrial ecotoxicity are the primary environmental impact categories across all mixes and allocation scenarios. A Taguchi-based hybrid optimization technique, integrating gray relational analysis (GRA) and analytical hierarchical process (AHP)-weighted GRA, is employed to determine the optimal mix design based on fresh properties, mechanical performance, durability, and sustainability indices. The AHP-GRA analysis reveals that mixes containing at least 50% EAFS perform better than OPC in terms of overall sustainability. A blend of 75% EAFS and 25% fly ash is recommended for achieving the best balance between performance and environmental impact, offering a promising alternative for sustainable construction practices.

Keywords: Alkali-activated material; Electric arc furnace slag; Life cycle assessment; MADM; Mass and economic allocations; Mix design optimization.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval: Not applicable. Consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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