Psychometric properties of the parent-rated assessment scale of positive and negative parenting behavior (FPNE) in a German sample of school-aged children

Vanessa Holas¹, Ann-Kathrin Thöne¹, Christina Dose¹, Stephanie Gebauer¹, Christopher Hautmann^{2

1}, Anja Görtz-Dorten^{2

1}, Lea Teresa Kohl¹, Julia Plück¹, Anne-Katrin Treier¹, Tobias Banaschewski³, Ulrike Ravens-Sieberer⁴, Veit Rößner⁵, Charlotte Hanisch⁶, Michael Kölch^{7

8

9}, Martin Holtmann¹⁰, Katja Becker¹¹, Tobias Renner¹², Julia Geissler¹³, Jasmin Wenning¹⁴, Michael Huss¹⁵, Luise Poustka¹⁶, Manfred Döpfner^{17

18}; ADOPT, the ESCAlife consortia

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

ADOPT, the ESCAlife consortia:
Pascal-Maurice Aggensteiner, Dorothee Bernheim, Christian Beste, Stefanie Bienioschek, Maren Boecker, Daniel Brandeis, Kristina Butz, Andrea Daunke, Jörg M Fegert, Claudia Ginsberg, Franziska Giller, Carolina Goldbeck, Martin Hellmich, Christine Igel, Michaela Junghänel, Anne Kaman, Anne Ritschel, Veit Roessner, Jennifer Schroth, Anne Schüller, Marion Steiner, Anne Uhlmann, Daniel Brandeis, Nina Christmann, Ute Dürrwächter, Lena Flick, Brigitta Gehring, Nicole Grau, Monja Groh, Wiebke Haberhausen, Johannes Hebebrand, Alisa Hiery, Sarah Hohmann, Christine Igel, Thomas Jans, Karina Jansone, Katja John, Anna Kaiser, Daria Kasperzack, Julia Kellner, Johanna Ketter, Franziska Kieninger, Inken Kirschbaum-Lesch, Katrin Krugmann, Tanja Legenbauer, Christopher Mann, Franziska Martin, Sabrina Millenet, Tanja Mingebach, Melinda Mross, Anja Pascher, Louisa Poustka, Marcel Romanos, Priska Schneider, Anja Schöllhorn, Bastian Schrott, Karen Schulze-Husmann, Thomas Stehr, Ida Steinacker, Marie-Therese Steiner, Ann-Katrin Thöne, Henrik Uebel-von Vandersleben, Paula Vetter, Linda Weber, Anne-Kathrin Wermter, Matthias Winkler, Elena Wirth, Mirjam Ziegler

Affiliations

¹ School for Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
² Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
³ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
⁴ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics & Research Unit Child Public Health, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
⁵ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
⁶ Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
⁷ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/ Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
⁸ Medical Center, Rostock University, Rostock, Germany.
⁹ German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), Partner Site Greifswald/Rostock, Site Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
¹⁰ LWL-University Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Hamm, Germany.
¹¹ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty of the Philipps-University Marburg and University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
¹² Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
¹³ Center of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
¹⁴ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
¹⁵ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
¹⁶ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
¹⁷ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. manfred.doepfner@t-online.de.
¹⁸ School for Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. manfred.doepfner@t-online.de.

PMID: 39681854
PMCID: PMC11648292
DOI: 10.1186/s13034-024-00850-9

Psychometric properties of the parent-rated assessment scale of positive and negative parenting behavior (FPNE) in a German sample of school-aged children

Vanessa Holas et al. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2024.

. 2024 Dec 16;18(1):157.

doi: 10.1186/s13034-024-00850-9.

Authors

Collaborators

ADOPT, the ESCAlife consortia:
Pascal-Maurice Aggensteiner, Dorothee Bernheim, Christian Beste, Stefanie Bienioschek, Maren Boecker, Daniel Brandeis, Kristina Butz, Andrea Daunke, Jörg M Fegert, Claudia Ginsberg, Franziska Giller, Carolina Goldbeck, Martin Hellmich, Christine Igel, Michaela Junghänel, Anne Kaman, Anne Ritschel, Veit Roessner, Jennifer Schroth, Anne Schüller, Marion Steiner, Anne Uhlmann, Daniel Brandeis, Nina Christmann, Ute Dürrwächter, Lena Flick, Brigitta Gehring, Nicole Grau, Monja Groh, Wiebke Haberhausen, Johannes Hebebrand, Alisa Hiery, Sarah Hohmann, Christine Igel, Thomas Jans, Karina Jansone, Katja John, Anna Kaiser, Daria Kasperzack, Julia Kellner, Johanna Ketter, Franziska Kieninger, Inken Kirschbaum-Lesch, Katrin Krugmann, Tanja Legenbauer, Christopher Mann, Franziska Martin, Sabrina Millenet, Tanja Mingebach, Melinda Mross, Anja Pascher, Louisa Poustka, Marcel Romanos, Priska Schneider, Anja Schöllhorn, Bastian Schrott, Karen Schulze-Husmann, Thomas Stehr, Ida Steinacker, Marie-Therese Steiner, Ann-Katrin Thöne, Henrik Uebel-von Vandersleben, Paula Vetter, Linda Weber, Anne-Kathrin Wermter, Matthias Winkler, Elena Wirth, Mirjam Ziegler

Affiliations

¹ School for Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
² Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
³ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
⁴ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics & Research Unit Child Public Health, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
⁵ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
⁶ Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
⁷ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/ Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
⁸ Medical Center, Rostock University, Rostock, Germany.
⁹ German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), Partner Site Greifswald/Rostock, Site Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
¹⁰ LWL-University Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Hamm, Germany.
¹¹ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty of the Philipps-University Marburg and University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
¹² Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
¹³ Center of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
¹⁴ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
¹⁵ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
¹⁶ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
¹⁷ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. manfred.doepfner@t-online.de.
¹⁸ School for Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. manfred.doepfner@t-online.de.

PMID: 39681854
PMCID: PMC11648292
DOI: 10.1186/s13034-024-00850-9

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to develop and psychometrically evaluate a parent-rated parenting assessment scale including positive and negative dimensions of parenting. Factorial validity, reliability, measurement invariance, latent mean differences and construct validity of the Assessment Scale of Positive and Negative Parenting Behavior (FPNE) were tested in a pooled sample of five studies of 1,879 school-aged children (6.00 to 12.11 years).

Methods: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed on a first randomized split-half sample, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were conducted in the second half of the sample. Measurement invariance tests were conducted to assess factor structure equivalence across gender and age.

Results: The EFA results supported a two-factor structure and the CFA results revealed a model with two correlated factors (Positive Parenting, Negative Parenting), which included 23 items and showed acceptable model fit and good psychometric properties. ESEM did not yield a model with significantly better model fit. Internal consistencies were acceptable. Adequate concurrent validity was demonstrated by low to moderate correlations between the FPNE and similar constructs. The factor structure was invariant (configural, metric, scalar) across different age groups and gender. Tests of latent mean differences revealed that older children scored significantly higher on negative parenting than younger children, while boys showed lower levels of positive parenting and higher levels of negative parenting compared to girls. All effect sizes were small.

Conclusions: The results suggest that the FPNE is a reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of parenting.

Keywords: Assessment; Children and adolescents; Externalizing disorders; Parenting; Psychometric properties.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: MD received consulting income and research support from Lilly, Medice, Shire, Takeda, eyelevel GmbH, and Vifor and research support from the German Research Foundation, German Ministry of Education and Research, German Ministry of Health, and Innovation Fund. He received income as head, supervisor, and lecturer of the School of Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behaviour Therapy at the University Hospital Cologne and as a consultant for Child Behaviour Therapy at the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians (Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung). He and AGD received royalties from treatment manuals, books and psychological tests published by Beltz, Elsevier, Enke, Guilford, Hogrefe, Huber, Kohlhammer, Schattauer, Springer, and Wiley. CD received royalties for self-help books for parents and teachers of children with ADHD published by Hogrefe. A-KTh receives royalties from Hogrefe for the publication of a diagnostic instrument (DISYPS-ILF). JP received royalties from treatment manuals and psychological tests published by Hogrefe. TB served in an advisory or consultancy role for Lundbeck, Medice, Neurim Pharmaceuticals, Oberberg GmbH, and Shire. He received conference support or speaker’s fees from Lilly, Medice, Novartis, and Shire. He has been involved in clinical trials conducted by Shire and Vifor Pharma. He received royalties from Hogrefe, Kohlhammer, CIP Medien, and Oxford University Press. VR has received lecture honoraria from Infectopharm and Medice companies. He has carried out clinical trials in cooperation with Servier and Shire Pharmaceuticals/ Takeda companies. CHan receives royalties from a publishing company as the author of a treatment manual. MK receives royalties from publishing companies as an author of books. He served as PI or CI in clinical trials of Lundbeck, Pascoe, and Janssen-Cilag. He received grants from the BMBF, BMFSFJ, BZgA and Bundeswehr. He served as a scientifc advisor for Janssen. The present work is unrelated to the above grants and relationships. MHo served in an advisory role for Shire and Medice and received conference attendance support or was paid for public speaking by Medice, Shire and Neuroconn. He receives research support from the German Research Foundation and the German Ministry of Education and Research. He receives royalties as editor in chief of the German Journal for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and for text books from Hogrefe. DB served as an unpaid scientific advisor for an EU-funded neurofeedback trial unrelated to the present work. KB receives or has received research grants from the German Research Foundation (DFG), German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), Philipps-University Marburg, Federal Joint Committee (G-BA), German Ministry for Health, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg and Rhön Klinikum. Additionally, she receives royalties from Thieme. JG has received a research grant from the Bavarian State Ministry of Family, Labor and Social Afairs. She receives royalties from Hogrefe for the publication of an ADHD treatment manual. MHu served as a member of the advisory boards of Eli Lilly and Co., Engelhardt Arzneimittel, Janssen-Cilag, Medice, Novartis, Shire, and Steiner Arzneimittel within the past 5 years; served as a consultant to Engelhardt Arzneimittel, Medice, and Steiner Arzneimittel; received honoraria from Eli Lilly and Co., Engelhardt Arzneimittel, Janssen-Cilag, Medice, Novartis, and Shire; and received unrestricted grants for investigator- initiated trials from Eli Lilly and Co., Medice, Engelhardt Arzneimittel, and Steiner Arzneimittel. LP served in an advisory or consultancy role for Shire, Roche and Infectopharm; and received speaker’s fees from Shire and royalties from Hogrefe, Kohlhammer, and Schattauer. The present work is unrelated to the above grants and relationships. All other authors declare no conflict of interest. Ethical approval: Ethical approval was obtained for all participating studies. Verbal and written informed consent were obtained from all individual participants (children and caregivers) by the study centers.

Figures

**Fig. 1**
Factor models of parenting. Graphical overview of the factor models evaluated in this study. Full unidirectional black arrows indicate target factor loadings, while dashed unidirectional grey arrows indicate cross-loadings. Item numbers are shown within the boxes and residuals are not shown to improve clarity. CFA refers to confirmatory factor analysis and ESEM to exploratory structural equation modelling

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Psychometric properties of the parent-rated assessment scale of positive and negative parenting behavior (FPNE) in a German sample of school-aged children

Collaborators

Affiliations

Psychometric properties of the parent-rated assessment scale of positive and negative parenting behavior (FPNE) in a German sample of school-aged children

Authors

Collaborators

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources