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. 2024 Nov 28;16(23):4127.
doi: 10.3390/nu16234127.

Influence of Socioeconomic Status on the Retail Food Environment in Alicante

Iván Hernández-Caravaca  1 , Alba Martínez-García  1   2   3 , Eva María Trescastro-López  2   3   4   5 , Ángel Plaza-Gavaldón  1 , Julio Martí-Cremades  1 , Joaquín Moncho  1
Affiliations

Influence of Socioeconomic Status on the Retail Food Environment in Alicante

Iván Hernández-Caravaca et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

Background/objectives: Unhealthy dietary habits are associated with chronic non-communicable diseases and may contribute to increased mortality in all countries of the world. Food environments determine the accessibility, availability, and promotion of food, thus playing an important role in people's diets, but they are context-dependent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the availability and accessibility of food in food outlets in different neighborhoods of the city of Alicante.

Methods: Cross-sectional study. Trained researchers conducted food store audits using the validated Nutrition Environment Measures Survey in Stores for Mediterranean contexts (NEMS-S-MED) tool. Data were collected from food stores within a socioeconomically diverse sample in Alicante (n = 63). We compared the availability and affordability of "healthier-less healthy" food pairs, scores between food store types (supermarkets, specialized, convenience stores, and others), and socioeconomic levels in Alicante in 2022.

Results: The present study highlights that the food stores with the greatest availability and accessibility to healthy foods are supermarkets, as opposed to specialized stores and convenience stores. In addition, differences were found in the accessibility and availability of healthy foods by neighborhoods with different income levels, being more accessible in the residential neighborhood with the highest income level. Tourism could explain the differences in the food retail environment, with a high-income neighborhood showing similar results to low-income neighborhoods.

Conclusions: The results obtained invite reflection on the development and adoption of policy strategies that promote the availability and accessibility of healthy food in the most disadvantaged areas.

Keywords: NEMS-S-MED; food access; food availability; food environment; socioeconomic status.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Total and availability scores from the NEMS-S-MED survey by type of food store.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Total and availability scores from the NEMS-S-MED survey by neighborhood.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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