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. 2024 Dec 2;16(23):3398.
doi: 10.3390/polym16233398.

Preparation and Characterisation of High-Density Polyethylene/Tannic Acid Composites

Evangelia Tarani  1 , Myrto Tara  2 , Christina Samiotaki  2 , Alexandra Zamboulis  2 , Konstantinos Chrissafis  1 , Dimitrios N Bikiaris  2
Affiliations

Preparation and Characterisation of High-Density Polyethylene/Tannic Acid Composites

Evangelia Tarani et al. Polymers (Basel). .

Abstract

This research paper highlights the preparation and characterisation of high-density polyethylene (HDPE)/tannic acid (TA) composites, designed to confer antioxidant properties to HDPE, valorising a biobased filler. Indeed, tannic acid is a natural polyphenol, demonstrating, among others, strong antioxidation properties. Using a melt-mixing process, HDPE/TA composites containing various amounts of TA, ranging between 1 and 20 wt%, were prepared, and analyses on their structural, thermal, mechanical, as well as antioxidant properties were conducted. Infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction showed that TA was successfully incorporated into the HDPE matrix. Thermogravimetric analysis evidenced that the onset of thermal degradation decreased, but overall satisfactory stability was observed. The composites exhibited exceptional antioxidant properties, especially the ones with the highest TA content, although it was observed that a high amount of TA had adverse effects on the mechanical performance of the composites.

Keywords: HDPE; antioxidant activity; biobased fillers; composites; crystallisation kinetics; tannic acid; thermal stability.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
FTIR spectra of the prepared composites. (A) Full spectra and (B) zoom-in of the 500–2000 cm−1 region (TA: tannic acid, TA0: neat HDPE).
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A) Melting peak temperatures of neat HDPE and the HDPE/TA composites, heating rate: 20 °C/min. (B) XRD patterns of HDPE/TA composites.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Cooling curves of (A) TA1 and (Β) TA20 at cooling rates ranging from 1 to 10 °C/min.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Plots of relative crystallinity versus temperature for non-isothermal crystallisation of (A) TA1 and (Β) TA5 composites at cooling rates from 1 to 10 °C/min.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Activation energy (Eα) values versus the degree of conversion (α) for the non-isothermal crystallisation kinetics of neat HDPE and the HDPE/TA composites as determined by the (A) Friedman method and (Β) Vyazovkin analysis.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Heat flow curves of (A) TA1 and (Β) TA20 samples versus temperature and the corresponding fitting of multivariate nonlinear regression of the Sbirrazzuoli model.
Figure 7
Figure 7
(A) TGA thermograms and (Β) dTG curves of neat HDPE and the HDPE/TA composites at a heating rate of 20 °C/min under a nitrogen atmosphere.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Mechanical properties of neat HDPE and the HDPE/TA composites. (A) Stress at break, (B) Young’s modulus, (C) elongation at break, and (D) yield stress.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Fractured surfaces after tensile testing as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), at two different magnifications (images labelled with the number “1” were taken at a magnification of ×100; images labelled with the number “2” were taken at a magnification of ×200). (A) TA1, (B) TA5, (C) TA10, (D) TA15, and (E) TA20.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Water contact angle of the composites (the line is drawn to guide the eye).
Figure 11
Figure 11
Free-radical-scavenging activity of neat HDPE and the prepared composites with tannic acid. (A) All composites and (B) composites with 5–20% tannic acid.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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