Narrative Review of Heart Failure Related to Cocaine Consumption and Its Therapeutic Management

Abstract

Background: Cocaine use can cause multiple cardiovascular complications, including heart failure. Aim: This general review of the literature delivers data on the relationship between cocaine consumption and the development of heart failure, as well as the elements of its diagnosis and management. Methods: A literature search was carried out using the PubMed, Web Of Science, and Google Scholar bibliographic databases over the period of 2007-2022 using the following keywords: "cocaine" AND "heart failure" NOT "acute heart disease". The exclusion criteria exempted studies carried out on animals, along with articles not written in English. Results and Discussion: A total of 27 articles (11 reviews, 10 clinical studies, 4 letters to the editor, and 2 clinical cases) were included. The prevalence of heart failure among cocaine users varies from one study to another (2.5%, 5.3%, 6.2%, or even 20%); however, when patients have a history of cocaine consumption, the prevalence of heart failure is higher than that ordinarily found in the young population (<0.1% to 0.5%). Cocaine consumption has a number of serious cardiotoxic effects that can lead to heart failure. According to the studies analysed, heart failure should be treated with beta-blockers, even in the event of long-term cocaine use, with a preference for carvedilol. Conclusions: Despite previous concerns about the use of beta-blockers in cocaine users, treatment with beta-blockers (particularly carvedilol) may actually result in measurable clinical improvement. Cocaine withdrawal remains essential for optimal treatment.

Keywords: beta-blockers; cocaine; heart failure; review.

Figure 1

Flowchart of the study.

Figure 2

Narrative review of heart failure related to cocaine consumption and its therapeutic management.