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. 2024 Nov 21;24(23):7428.
doi: 10.3390/s24237428.

The Design and Implementation of Kerberos-Blockchain Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks Authentication Across Diverse Network Scenarios

Maya Rahayu  1   2 , Md Biplob Hossain  1   3 , Samsul Huda  4 , Yuta Kodera  1 , Md Arshad Ali  5 , Yasuyuki Nogami  1
Affiliations

The Design and Implementation of Kerberos-Blockchain Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks Authentication Across Diverse Network Scenarios

Maya Rahayu et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) play an essential role in the intelligent transportation era, furnishing users with essential roadway data to facilitate optimal route selection and mitigate the risk of accidents. However, the network exposure makes VANETs susceptible to cyber threats, making authentication crucial for ensuring security and integrity. Therefore, joining entity verification is essential to ensure the integrity and security of communication in VANETs. However, to authenticate the entities, authentication time should be minimized to guarantee fast and secure authentication procedures. We propose an authentication system for VANETs using blockchain and Kerberos for storing authentication messages in a blockchain ledger accessible to Trusted Authentication Servers (TASs) and Roadside Units (RSUs). We evaluate the system in three diverse network scenarios: suburban, urban with 1 TAS, and urban with 2 TASs. The findings reveal that this proposal is applicable in diverse network scenarios to fulfill the network requirements, including authentication, handover, and end-to-end delay, considering an additional TAS for an increasing number of vehicles. The system is also practicable in storing the authentication message in blockchain considering the gas values and memory size for all scenarios.

Keywords: Kerberos authentication; Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network; blockchain.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The vulnerability of VANET.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Resume of initial authentication phase and handover process.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Main parts of the Kerberos-blockchain VANETs system.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Experiment case scenarios: (a) suburban, (b) urban with 1 TAS, and (c) urban with 2 TASs.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Maps for the scenario of (a) suburban and (b) urban with 1 TAS and (c) urban with 2 TASs.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Initial authentication phase.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Handover signaling procedure.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Off-chain and on-chain environment of the proposed system.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Comparison of several delays of different scenarios.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Signalling overhead.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Number of vehicles vs. gas values.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Memory size required for the block to store various authentication message.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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