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. 2024 Dec 7;24(23):7832.
doi: 10.3390/s24237832.

Room-Temperature Ammonia Sensing Using Polyaniline-Coated Laser-Induced Graphene

José Carlos Santos-Ceballos  1   2   3 , Foad Salehnia  1   2   3 , Frank Güell  1   4 , Alfonso Romero  1   2   3 , Xavier Vilanova  1   2   3 , Eduard Llobet  1   2   3
Affiliations

Room-Temperature Ammonia Sensing Using Polyaniline-Coated Laser-Induced Graphene

José Carlos Santos-Ceballos et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

The reliable detection of ammonia at room temperature is crucial for not only maintaining environmental safety but also for reducing the risks of hazardous pollutants. In this study, the electrochemical modification of laser-induced graphene (LIG) with polyaniline (PANI) led to the development of a chemo-resistive nanocomposite (PANI@LIG) for detecting ammonia levels at room temperature. The composite is characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transforms infrared, and Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This work marks the first utilization of PANI@LIG for gas sensing and introduces a simple but effective approach for fabricating low-cost wearable gas sensors with high sensitivity and flexibility.

Keywords: ammonia; gas sensing; laser-induced graphene; polyaniline.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic of (a) fabrication process of the PANI@LIG gas sensor and (b) interactions between PANI and LIG.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic illustration of measurement system used for gas sensing tests.
Figure 3
Figure 3
FESEM images of bare LIG (a,b), PANI@LIG (c–f).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Raman spectra of bare LIG and PANI@LIG (a); ATR-FTIR spectra of bare LIG and PANI@LIG (b).
Figure 5
Figure 5
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) survey spectra of PANI@LIG (a), and high-resolution spectra fitting results of C1s (b), N1s (c) and O1s (d) of PANI@LIG.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Gas sensing performance of PANI@LIG NCs gas sensors in dry ambient conditions. (a) Electrical resistance response to different concentrations (5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 ppm) of NH3 at room temperature. (b) Regression curve. (c) Sensor repeatability testing at successive exposures of 25 ppm of NH3. (d) Response to 5 ppm of NH3 and analysis of response/recovery time.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Calibration curves obtained for dry ambient conditions, 30%RH and 50%RH (a) and responses to different gas compounds (CO, C2H6O, C6H6, C7H8, NH3, H2, and NO2) (b).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Schematic of the interaction between ammonia and PANI@LIG.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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