Environmental risks and agronomic benefits of industrial sewage sludge-derived biochar

Abstract

The main objective of the present work was to assess the ecotoxicological safety of the use of thermochemically treated sewage sludge from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of a distillery plant as a soil additive in agricultural soils based on its physicochemical characteristics and the bioaccumulation of selected elements in the plant tissues of maize (Zea mays). We have carried out physicochemical characterization (pH, EC, C_org, C_inorg, CEC, N, H, ash content, PAHs) of sewage sludge feedstock (SS) and sludge-derived biochar (BC) produced by slow pyrolysis at a temperature of 400 °C. The effect of 1% (w/w) amendment of SS and BC on soil physicochemical properties (pH, EC, C_inorg), germination of ryegrass, soil rhizobacteria and microorganisms, as well as on the accumulation and translocation of selected elements in maize (Zea mays) was studied. The results show that pyrolysis treatment of distillery WWTP sludge at 400 °C increases pH (from 7.3 to 7.7), C_org(from 28.86% to 36.83%), N (from 6.19% to 7.53%), ash content (from 23.59% to 50.99%) and decreases EC (from 2.35 mS/cm to 1.06 mS/cm), CEC (from 118.66 cmol/kg to 55.66 cmol/kg), H (from 6.76% to 1.98%) and Σ18 PAHs content (from 4.03 mg/kg to 3.38 mg/kg). RFA analysis of SS and BC showed that pyrolysis treatment multiplies chromium (Cr) (2.2 times), nickel (Ni) (2.96 times), lead (Pb) (2.13 times), zinc (Zn) (2.79 times), iron (Fe) (1.26 times) in the obtained BC, but based on an ecotoxicological test with earthworms Eisenia fetida, we conclude that pyrolysis treatment reduced the amount of available forms of heavy metals in BC compared to SS. We demonstrated by a pot experiment with a maize that a 1% addition of BC increased soil pH, decreased EC and C_inorg and had no significant effect on heavy metal accumulation in plant tissues. According to the results of the three-level germination test, it also does not affect the germination of cress seeds (Lepidium sativum). There was a significant effect of 1% BC addition on soil microbial community, and we observed a decrease in total microbial biomass and an increase in fungal species variability in the soil. Based on these results, we conclude that BC represents a promising material that can serve as a soil additive and source of nutritionally important elements after optimization of the pyrolysis process.

Keywords: Biochar; Carbon sequestration; Environmental risks; Fertilizer; Hazardous substances; Nutrients source; Potentially toxic metals; Pyrolysis; Sewage sludge; Soil additive.

Figure 1. Ecotoxicological germination test (%) of cress seeds (Lepidivum sativum L.).

I. Effect of volatile contaminants, II. effect of volatile contaminants + effect of water soluble contaminants + direct contact with BC and SS, III. effect of volatile and water soluble contaminants. Control = sand without addition of SS and BC. Different letters under impacts I., II. and III. indicate a statistically significant difference (Tukey post-hoc test, α = 0.05, degrees of freedom = 4), statistical difference between impacts I., II., and III. was not assessed.

Figure 2. Biomass weight (A) and average height and length (B) of aboveground (green bars) and underground (black bars) parts of a corn after harvesting (n = 3).

Different letters indicate a statistically significant difference between additions (Tukey post-hoc test, α = 0.05, degrees of freedom = 4).

Figure 3. Total microbial biomass expressed as the amount of DNA per 1 g of soil substrate.

The cross represents the mean and the circle the median, and the letters a, b, and ab represent statistically significant difference between treatments (LSD, α = 0.05, degrees of freedom = 4).

Figure 4. Venn diagrams showing the number of common and different fungal species (A) and common and different bacterial species (B) between control soil, soil with 1% BC addition and soil with 1% SS addition.

Figure 5. Translocation of the studied elements Zn (A), Fe (B), As (C), Cd (D), Cr (E), Cu (F), Ni (G), Pb (H), P (I), Mn (J) in plant parts of maize cultivated in the medium of 1% addition of BC, SS and control medium (without addition).