Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2024 Dec 18;12(12):CD007968.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007968.pub3.

Acupuncture for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in neonates

Greta Sibrecht  1 , Ming Yin Wong  2 , Rujan Shrestha  3   4 , Matteo Bruschettini  5   6
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Acupuncture for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in neonates

Greta Sibrecht et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Peripartum asphyxia affects three to five per 1000 live births, with moderate or severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) occurring in 0.5 to 1 per 1000 live births, and is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Therapeutic hypothermia is an effective treatment, but alternative therapies such as acupuncture are also used.

Objectives: To determine the benefits and harms of acupuncture (e.g. needle acupuncture with or without electrical stimulation; laser acupuncture; non-penetrating types of manual or embedded acupressure) on mortality and morbidity in neonates with HIE, compared with 1) no treatment, 2) placebo or sham treatment, 3) any pharmacologic treatment, or 4) different types of acupuncture.

Search methods: We searched CENTRAL, PubMed, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the WHO ICTRP in March 2023. We conducted a search of the grey literature to identify reports of trials conducted by or referenced in research by CORDIS EU, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), and NHSGGC Paediatrics for Health Professionals. We also checked the reference lists of relevant articles to identify additional studies.

Selection criteria: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs and cluster-randomized trials. We included studies where participants were term infants (37 weeks or greater) and late preterm infants (34 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks' gestation) 10 days of age or less, with evidence of peripartum asphyxia. We included studies on acupuncture (e.g. needle acupuncture with or without electrical stimulation; laser acupuncture; non-penetrating types of manual or embedded acupressure). We included studies where acupuncture was compared with: 1) no treatment; 2) placebo or sham treatment; 3) any pharmacologic treatment; or 4) different types of acupuncture.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcomes were all-cause mortality at the latest follow-up, major neurodevelopmental disability in children aged 18 to 24 months and aged 3 to 5 years, adverse events until hospital discharge, and length of hospital stay.

Main results: We included four studies (enrolling 464 infants) that compared acupuncture with no treatment. The studies ranged in size from 60 to 200 infants. Three studies were conducted in China and one in Russia. None of the four studies reported on any of the prespecified outcomes of our review. We did not identify any ongoing studies.

Authors' conclusions: There is limited availability of studies addressing this specific population. The included studies did not assess mortality, long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes, or adverse effects of acupuncture. We are unable to draw any conclusions about the benefits and harms of acupuncture for HIE in neonates. In light of the current limitations, clinicians are urged to approach the use of acupuncture in neonates with HIE cautiously, as there is no evidence to support its routine application. The available trials assessed surrogate outcomes that have a relatively small impact on newborns, and failed to report important outcomes such as mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. Other available trials were performed on older infants who had experienced neonatal HIE. Given the lack of available evidence, well-designed randomized controlled trials with relevant outcomes such as mortality and neurodevelopmental outcomes are essential to evaluate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture for HIE in neonates.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

GS works as a Resident in Neonatology in Neonatology Department of Poznan University of Medical Sciences, and has no interest to declare.

MYW works as a health professional in Dental Clinic, Penang, Malaysia, and has no interest to declare.

RS has no interest to declare.

MB is an Associate Editor for the Cochrane Neonatal Group. However, his participation in the editorial group has not impacted this review.

Update of

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

References to studies included in this review

Cai 2008 {published data only}
    1. Cai W, Li H, Lu J, Chen X. Effect of touch and acupoint massage on growth and development of children with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Journal of Nursing Science 2008;23(9):34-5.
Chen 2006 {published data only}
    1. Chen J, Ping X, Wang H, Jiang S, Lu X. Effects of early touch intervention on neurobehavioral rehabilitation of newborns with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2006;10(12):27-9.
    1. Chen J, Ping X, Wang H, Jiang S, Lu X. Effects of therapeutic touch on the neurobehavioral rehabilitation of newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Practical Clinical Medicine 2005;6(9):96-8.
Filonenko 2015 {published data only}
    1. Filonenko AV, Vasilenko AM, Khan MA. Sensitivity and specificity of the cerebral blood flow reactions to acupuncture in the newborn infants presenting with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Voprosy Kurortologii, Fizioterapii, i Lechebnoĭ Fizicheskoĭ Kultury 2015;92(1):27-31. [DOI: 10.17116/kurort2015127-31] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Li 2003 {published data only}
    1. Li Y, Wang X, Liu Y. Effect of touching and acupoint massage on growth and development of children with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Journal of Nursing Science 2003;18(4):246-8.

References to studies excluded from this review

Cao 2006 {published data only}
    1. Cao WS. Effect of acupuncture at early stage on prognosis of the infantile of anoxic and ischemic cerebral injury. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu [Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion] 2006;26(1):18-20. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Guo 2009 {published data only}
    1. Guo P. Injection of acupoint to reduce incidence of cerebral palsy in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Sichuan Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2009;27(1):112-4.
Hu 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hu CW, Wei YS, Du YM, Li HQ, Liu ZH, Qiu YP, et al. Effect of acupoint massage dominant early comprehensive intervention on the prognosis of premature infants with brain injury. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He za Zhi [Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine] 2014;34(9):1074-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Liu 2003 {published data only}
    1. Liu XH. Improvement of prognosis of newborn hypoxia-ischemia encephalopathy by early acupoint stimulation. Journal of New Chinese Medicine 2003;35(9):37-8.
Liu 2016 {published data only}
    1. Liu ZH, Li YR, Lu YL, Chen JK. Clinical research on intelligence seven needle therapy treated infants with brain damage syndrome. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 2016;22(6):451-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-015-1977-9] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Meng 2003 {published data only}
    1. Meng E. Early prevention of cerebral palsy from hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy by scalp acupuncture and acupoint injection. Sichuan Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2003;21(11):92-3.
Peng 2005 {published data only}
    1. Peng GL, Chen T, Huang ZQ, Zhang JY. Effect of acupoint injection and massage on neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Sichuan Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2005;23(12):103-4.
Qian 2001 {published data only}
    1. Qian J, Zhou X, Hsu Z, Cheng Y, Li Y. Touching and acupoint massage therapy for neonatal brain injury: observation of 30 cases. Jiangsu Medical Journal 2001;27(8):603-4.
Tang 2015 {published data only}
    1. Tang Y, Shang Q. Neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy treated with acupuncture combined with acupoint injection: a randomized controlled trial. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu [Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion] 2015;35(7):641-5. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Wu 2010 {published data only}
    1. Wu Y. Effect of early intervention with acupoint massage on gross motor development of neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Journal of Xinxiang Medical College 2010;27(6):612-4.
Zhang 2008 {published data only}
    1. Zhang Y, Xu S, Zhang L, Lu J, Xie H. Effects of early massage and touching on intellectual development of children with brain injury. Shandong Medical Journal 2008;48(28):99-100.

References to studies awaiting assessment

Guo 2007 {published data only}
    1. Guo X. Observation on effect of touching to treat newborns with neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Chinese Nursing Research 2007;21(6):1635-6.
Li 2008 {published data only}
    1. Li J, Feng L, Yan L. Observation on acupoint massage and exercise therapy for neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous System Diseases 2008;11(6):139-40.
Liu 2006 {published data only}
    1. Liu J. Observations on the treatment of hypoxemic infantile encephalopathy with acupuncture plus hyperbaric oxygen. Shanghai Journal of Acupuncture and Moxibustion 2006;25(5):18-9.
Liu 2007 {published data only}
    1. Liu SM, Shang XM. Research on Jingling Koufuye acupoint massage for neonate with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Chinese Community Doctor 2007;14:73.
Zhou 2006 {published data only}
    1. Zhou Q. The rehabilitative effects medical massage techniques to promote the recovery of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage due to perinatal period. Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics 2006;2(4):195-7.

Additional references

Ahn 2005
    1. Ahn AC, Wu J, Badger GJ, Hammerschlag R, Langevin HM. Electrical impedance along connective tissue planes associated with acupuncture meridians. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2005;5:10. [DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-5-10] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Bayley 1993
    1. Bayley N. Bayley Scales of Infant Development–II. San Antonio, Texas: Psychological Corporation, 1993.
Bayley 2005
    1. Bayley N. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. 3rd edition. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment, 2005.
Bruschettini 2020
    1. Bruschettini M, Romantsik O, Moreira A, Ley D, Thébaud B. Stem cell‐based interventions for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy in newborn infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020, Issue 8. Art. No: CD013202. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013202.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Cabyoglu 2006
    1. Cabyoglu MT, Ergene N, Tan U. The mechanism of acupuncture and clinical applications. International Journal of Neuroscience 2006;116(2):115-25. [DOI: 10.1080/00207450500341472] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Chaudhari 2012
    1. Chaudhari T, McGuire W. Allopurinol for preventing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants with hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 7. Art. No: CD006817. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006817.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Cheuk 2012
    1. Cheuk DK, Yeung WF, Chung KF, Wong V. Acupuncture for insomnia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 9. Art. No: CD005472. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005472.pub3] - DOI - PubMed
Cheuk 2014
    1. Cheuk DK, Wong V. Acupuncture for epilepsy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 5. Art. No: CD005062. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005062.pub4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Cochrane EPOC Group 2017
    1. Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC). Screening, data extraction and management. EPOC resources for review authors, 2017. epoc.cochrane.org/resources/epoc-resources-review-authors (accessed 27 June 2022).
COMFORTneo 2016
    1. Dijk M. Comfort assessment NeoScale version 5; 2016. www.comfortassessment.nl/web/files/8414/7936/9137/COMFORT_Neo_scale___fi....
Cui 2021
    1. Cui J, Song W, Jin Y, Xu H, Fan K, Lin D, et al. Research progress on the mechanism of the acupuncture regulating neuro-endocrine-immune network system. Veterinary Sciences 2021;8(8):149. [DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8080149] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Dung 1984
    1. Dung HC. Anatomical features which contribute to the formation of acupuncture points. American Journal of Acupuncture 1984;12(2):139-44.
Edwards 2006
    1. Edwards AD, Azzopardi DV. Therapeutic hypothermia following perinatal asphyxia. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2006;91(2):F127-31. [DOI: 10.1136/adc.2005.071787] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Fewell 2007
    1. Fewell Z, Davey Smith G, Sterne JA. The impact of residual and unmeasured confounding in epidemiologic studies: a simulation study. American Journal of Epidemiology 2007;166(6):646-55. [DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwm165] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Fournier‐Charrière 2012
    1. Fournier-Charrière E, Tourniaire B, Carbajal R, Cimerman P, Lassauge F, Ricard C, et al. EVENDOL, a new behavioral pain scale for children ages 0 to 7 years in the emergency department: design and validation. Pain 2012;153(8):1573-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.02.024] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Fu 2000
    1. Fu H. What is the material base of acupuncture? The nerves! Medical Hypotheses 2000;54(3):358-9. [DOI: 10.1054/mehy.1999.0846] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Gonzalez 2006
    1. Gonzalez FF, Miller SP. Does perinatal asphyxia impair cognitive function without cerebral palsy? Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2006;91(6):F454-9. [DOI: 10.1136/adc.2005.092445] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
GRADEpro GDT [Computer program]
    1. GRADEpro GDT. Version accessed 27 June 2022. Hamilton (ON): McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime), 2022. Available at gradepro.org.
Griffiths 1954
    1. Griffiths R. The Abilities of Babies: a Study of Mental Measurement. London (UK): University of London Press, 1954.
Griffiths 1970
    1. Griffiths R. The Abilities of Young Children: a Comprehensive System of Mental Measurement for the First Eight Years. London (UK): Child Development Research Center, 1970.
He 2010
    1. He L, Zhou MK, Zhou D, Wu B, Li N, Kong SY. Acupuncture for Bell's palsy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 8. Art. No: CD002914. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002914.pub5] - DOI - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Sterne JA, editor(s). Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JP, Churchill R, Chandler J, Cumpston MS, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). Cochrane, 2011. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v5.1/.
Higgins 2023
    1. Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.4 (updated August 2023). Cochrane, 2023. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v6.4.
Higgins 2024
    1. Higgins JPT, Eldridge S, Li T. Chapter 23: Including variants on randomized trials [last updated October 2019]. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.5. Cochrane, 2024. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.
Hummel 2008
    1. Hummel P, Puchalski M, Creech SD, Weiss MG. Clinical reliability and validity of the N-PASS: neonatal pain, agitation and sedation scale with prolonged pain. Journal of Perinatology: Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association 2008;28(1):55-60. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.jp.7211861] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Hurley 2020
    1. Hurley T, O'Dea M, Aslam S, Aly H, Robertson N, Molloy E. Melatonin treatment for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020, Issue 10. Art. No: CD013754. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013754] - DOI
Jacobs 2013
    1. Jacobs SE, Berg M, Hunt R, Tarnow-Mordi WO, Inder TE, Davis PG. Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 1. Art. No: CD003311. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003311.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kim 2012
    1. Kim MH, Park YC, Namgung U. Acupuncture-stimulated activation of sensory neurons. Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies 2012;5(4):148-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2012.05.002] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Kim 2014
    1. Kim J, Kang DI. Positioning standardized acupuncture points on the whole body based on x-ray computed tomography images. Medical Acupuncture 2014;26(1):40–9. [DOI: 10.1089/acu.2013.1002] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kukka 2022
    1. Kukka AJ, Waheddoost S, Brown N, Litorp H, Wrammert J, Kc A. Incidence and outcomes of intrapartum-related neonatal encephalopathy in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Global Health 2022;7(12):e010294. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010294] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kyriacou 2016
    1. Kyriacou DN, Lewis RJ. Confounding by indication in clinical research. JAMA 2016;316(17):1818-9. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.16435] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Lefebvre 2023
    1. Lefebvre C, Glanville J, Briscoe S, Featherstone R, Littlewood A, Metzendorf M-I, et al. Chapter 4: Searching for and selecting studies. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.4 (updated October 2023). Cochrane, 2023. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v6.4.
Liberati 2009
    1. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gotzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Medicine 2009;6(7):e1000100. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.b2700] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Linde 2016
    1. Linde K, Allais G, Brinkhaus B, Fei Y, Mehring M, Vertosick EA, et al. Acupuncture for the prevention of episodic migraine. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 6. Art. No: CD001218. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001218.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Liu 2010
    1. Liu L, Liu LG, Lu M, Ran WJ. Clinical observation on infantile cerebral palsy treated with quick meridian needling therapy plus scalp acupuncture. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2010;30(10):826-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Liu 2013
    1. Liu F, Mccullough L. Inflammatory responses in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2013;34:1121-1130. [DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.89] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lu 2008
    1. Lu J. Overview of clinical application of acupoint injection. Modern Journal of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine 2008;3:345-7.
MacPherson 2001
    1. MacPherson H, Thomas K, Walters S, Fitter M. The York acupuncture safety study: prospective survey of 34 000 treatments by traditional acupuncturists. BMJ 2001;323(7311):486-7. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.323.7311.486] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Mann 1972
    1. Mann F. Acupuncture analgesia in dentistry. Lancet 1972;1(7756):898-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(72)90760-x] - DOI - PubMed
Moher 2009
    1. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2009;62(10):1006-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Ni 2003
    1. Ni F, Lin J, Zhou C, Yao X, Wu X. Study on mechanisms of acupoint injection therapy. Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion 2003;23(10):609-11.
Page 2023
    1. Page MJ, Higgins JPT, Sterne JAC. Chapter 13: Assessing risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.4 (updated August 2023). Cochrane, 2023. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v6.4.
Peters 2003
    1. Peters JW, Koot HM, Grunau RE, Boer J, Druenen MJ, Tibboel D, et al. Neonatal facial coding system for assessing postoperative pain in infants: item reduction is valid and feasible. Clinical Journal of Pain 2003;19(6):353-63. [DOI: 10.1097/00002508-200311000-00003] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
RevMan 2024 [Computer program]
    1. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 8.1.1. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2024. Available at revman.cochrane.org.
Rüegger 2018
    1. Rüegger CM, Davis PG, Cheong JL. Xenon as an adjuvant to therapeutic hypothermia in near‐term and term newborns with hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 8. Art. No: CD012753. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012753.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sarnat 1976
    1. Sarnat HB, Sarnat MS. Neonatal encephalopathy following fetal distress. A clinical and electroencephalographic study. Archives of Neurology 1976;33(10):696-705. [DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1976.00500100030012] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Schünemann 2013
    1. Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A, editor(s). Handbook for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations using the GRADE approach (updated October 2013). Available from gdt.guidelinedevelopment.org/app/handbook/handbook.html.
Sun 2004
    1. Sun JG, Ko CH, Wong V, Sun XR. Randomised control trial of tongue acupuncture versus sham acupuncture in improving functional outcome in cerebral palsy. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2004;75(7):1054-7. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2003.021485] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
van Dijk 2009
    1. Dijk M, Roofthooft DW, Anand KJ, Guldemond F, Graaf J, Simons S, et al. Taking up the challenge of measuring prolonged pain in (premature) neonates: the COMFORTneo scale seems promising. Clinical Journal of Pain 2009;25(7):607-16. [DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181a5b52a] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Vannucci 1990
    1. Vannucci RC. Current and potentially new management strategies for perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatrics 1990;85(6):961-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Vickers 1999
    1. Vickers A, Zollman C. ABC of complementary medicine. Acupuncture. BMJ 1999;319(7215):973-6. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.319.7215.973] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
White 2001
    1. White A, Hayhoe S, Hart A, Ernst E. Adverse events following acupuncture: prospective survey of 32 000 consultations with doctors and physiotherapists. BMJ 2001;323(7311):485-6. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.323.7311.485] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
WHO 2013
    1. World Health Organization. WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy: 2014-2023. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/92455/9789241506090_eng.pdf?.... [ISBN: 9789241506090]
Wong 2010
    1. Wong FW, Lim CE, Smith W. A new bioimpedance research device (BIRD) for measuring the electrical impedance of acupuncture meridians. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2010;16(3):257-64. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2009.0218] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Wu 2008
    1. Wu Y, Jin Z, Li K, Lu ZL, Wong V, Han TL, et al. Effect of acupuncture on the brain in children with spastic cerebral palsy using functional neuroimaging (FMRI). Journal of Child Neurology 2008;23(11):1267-74. [DOI: 10.1177/0883073808318049] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Xu 2018
    1. Xu M, Li D, Zhang S. Acupuncture for acute stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 3. Art. No: CD003317. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003317.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Xu 2023
    1. Xu M, Yang C, Nian T, Tian C, Zhou L, Wu Y, et al. Adverse effects associated with acupuncture therapies: an evidence mapping from 535 systematic reviews. Chinese Medicine 2023;18(1):38. [DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00743-7] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Yang 2016
    1. Yang A, Wu HM, Tang JL, Xu L, Yang M, Liu GJ. Acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 8. Art. No: CD004131. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004131.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Young 2016
    1. Young L, Berg M, Soll R. Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 5. Art. No: CD001240. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001240.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ziemka‐Nalecz 2017
    1. Ziemka-Nalecz M, Jaworska J, Zalewska T. Insights into the neuroinflammatory responses after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 2017;76(8):644–54. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx046] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Wong 2009
    1. Wong V, Cheuk DKL, Chu V. Acupuncture for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in neonates. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 3. Art. No: CD007968. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007968] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wong 2013
    1. Wong V, Cheuk DK, Chu V. Acupuncture for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in neonates. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 1. Art. No: CD007968. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007968.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources