Published Erratum
doi: 10.1073/pnas.2424380121.
Epub 2024 Dec 20.
Correction for Orellana et al., Childhood maltreatment influences adult brain structure through its effects on immune, metabolic, and psychosocial factors
- PMID: 39705327
- PMCID: PMC11745354
- DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2424380121
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Published Erratum
Correction for Orellana et al., Childhood maltreatment influences adult brain structure through its effects on immune, metabolic, and psychosocial factors
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
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No abstract available
Figures
Independent effects of adult trauma, BMI, and CRP on adult cortical thickness and subcortical volumes. (A, Left column) Brain maps of independent linear relationships between adult trauma (AT), CRP or BMI, and cortical thickness (CT) and subcortical volume. Each map shows the anatomical distribution of effect sizes (t-values); for corresponding maps thresholded for FDR-corrected significance, see SI Appendix, Fig. S18; for maps of standardized regression β coefficients, see SF20A&B. Negative t-values indicate a reduction in either cortical thickness or subcortical volume (red), and positive t-values indicate an increase in gray matter (blue), as a result of increase in one of these independently treated predictor variables. (A, Right column) Illustrative scatterplots of the relationship between each independent variable and the cortical area or subcortical structure most strongly associated with it. Cortical areas are labeled by their specific areal nomenclature and corresponding regional grouping, as defined by the Glasser template (35). (B, Top) Scatterplot of the effect size (t-value) of BMI (x-axis) versus the effect size of CRP (t-value; y-axis) on cortical thickness; each point represents one of 180 cortical areas; Spearman’s correlation ρ = 0.87, over all areas; the solid line is the regression of t-values for the effect of BMI on t-values for the effect of CRP. (B, Bottom) Scatterplot of the effect size of BMI on CT (x-axis) versus the effect size of AT on CT (y-axis); Spearman’s ρ = −0.41, .
Indirect effects of childhood maltreatment (CM) on cortical subcortical structures can be mediated by direct effects on body mass index (BMI), C-reactive protein (CRP), or adult trauma (AT) in two nested path models (full and sparse). (A and B) Diagrams of nested path models of indirect effects of CM on brain structure. Full model (A): contains direct effects of BMI, CRP, and AT on adult brain MRI measurements (paths c1, c2, and c3, respectively); all other paths between non-MRI variables are identical to the model in Fig. 1. Sparse model (B) contains a direct effect of CRP, only, on adult brain structure; adult trauma and BMI can have indirect effects on brain MRI measurements mediated by their direct effects on CRP. (C) Comparison of full and sparse models: This pair of nested models was evaluated at each of 180 cortical areas defined by the Glasser parcellation (36) and their difference in model goodness-of-fit was measured by the likelihood-ratio. Yellow areas indicate significantly better fit by the full model at FDR ≤ 0.05; green areas indicate where the sparse model was sufficient to explain local variance. (D, Left) Brain map of BMI-mediated indirect effects (Wald z) of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, together with a schema highlighting (in bold lines) the paths whose coefficients are combined to estimate the overall magnitude of the indirect effect. Blank areas on the cortical and subcortical maps indicate nonsignificant results (FDR ≥ 0.05) or locations where the model was not evaluated. Negative z-values indicate decreased gray matter (red), and positive z-values indicate increased gray matter (blue), associated with greater BMI predicted by greater CM. (D, Right) Indirect effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, mediated by adult trauma. Negative z-values indicate decreased gray matter (red); positive z-values indicate increased gray matter (blue), associated with greater AT predicted by greater CM. For thresholded and unthresholded maps of all paths evaluated see SI Appendix, Figs. S21 and S22; and for unstandardized coefficients see SI Appendix, Figs. S23 and S24. (E, Left) Childhood maltreatment had indirect effects on adult brain structure that were mediated by a chain of paths from CM → BMI → CRP. Negative z-values indicate reduced CT was indirectly predicted by CM via its direct effects on BMI, which in turn could have effects on brain structure directly or via its effects on CRP. (E, Right) There were no significant indirect effects of childhood maltreatment mediated by a chain of paths from CM to CRP via AT, i.e., CM → AT → CRP. For maps of all thresholded and unthresholded paths see SI Appendix, Figs. S25 and S26; for unstandardized coefficients SI Appendix, Figs. S27 and S28. Wald z scores represent the product of path coefficients (standardized by their standard errors) constituting each of the indirect effects of CM on brain structure evaluated by these two (full and sparse) models.
Erratum for
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Childhood maltreatment influences adult brain structure through its effects on immune, metabolic, and psychosocial factors.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024 Apr 16;121(16):e2304704121. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2304704121. Epub 2024 Apr 9. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024. PMID: 38593073 Free PMC article.
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