. 2025 Apr 7;80(5):glae297.

doi: 10.1093/gerona/glae297.

An Expert Consensus Statement on Biomarkers of Aging for Use in Intervention Studies

Giorgia Perri¹, Chloe French², César Agostinis-Sobrinho^{3

4}, Atul Anand⁵, Radiana Dhewayani Antarianto^{6

7}, Yasumichi Arai⁸, Joseph A Baur⁹, Omar Cauli^{10

11}, Morgane Clivaz-Duc¹², Giuseppe Colloca¹³, Constantinos Demetriades^{14

15}, Chiara de Lucia^{16

17}, Giorgio Di Gessa¹⁸, Breno S Diniz¹⁹, Catherine L Dotchin^{20

21}, Gillian Eaglestone²², Bradley T Elliott²³, Mark A Espeland²⁴, Luigi Ferrucci²⁵, James Fisher²⁶, Dimitris K Grammatopoulos^{27

28}, Novi S Hardiany²⁹, Zaki Hassan-Smith^{30

31}, Waylon J Hastings³², Swati Jain³³, Peter K Joshi^{34

35}, Theodora Katsila³⁶, Graham J Kemp³⁷, Omid A Khaiyat³⁸, Dudley W Lamming³⁹, Jose Lara Gallegos^{40

41}, Frank Madeo^{42

43}, Andrea B Maier^{44

45}, Carmen Martin-Ruiz⁴⁶, Ian J Martins⁴⁷, John C Mathers¹, Lewis R Mattin²³, Reshma A Merchant⁴⁸, Alexey Moskalev^{49

50}, Ognian Neytchev⁵¹, Mary Ni Lochlainn⁵², Claire M Owen²⁰, Stuart M Phillips⁵³, Jedd Pratt⁵⁴, Konstantinos Prokopidis⁵⁵, Nicholas J W Rattray⁵⁶, María Rúa-Alonso^{3

57}, Lutz Schomburg⁵⁸, David Scott^{59

60}, Sangeetha Shyam^{61

62}, Elina Sillanpää^{63

64}, Michelle M C Tan^{20

65}, Ruth Teh⁶⁶, Stephanie W Tobin⁶⁷, Carolina J Vila-Chã³, Luigi Vorluni⁶⁸, Daniela Weber⁶⁹, Ailsa Welch⁷⁰, Daisy Wilson⁷¹, Thomas Wilson⁷², Tongbiao Zhao⁷³, Elena Philippou^{74

75}, Viktor I Korolchuk⁷⁶, Oliver M Shannon¹

Affiliations

¹ Human Nutrition & Exercise Research Centre, Centre for Healthier Lives, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
² School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
³ Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Guarda, Portugal.
⁴ Health Research and Innovation Science Centre, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania.
⁵ Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
⁶ Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
⁷ Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute (IMERI), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
⁸ Center for Supercentenarian Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
⁹ Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
¹¹ Chair of Active Ageing, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
¹² CareConnex, Sierre, Valais, Switzerland.
¹³ Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica Ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
¹⁴ Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing (MPI-AGE), Cologne, Germany.
¹⁵ Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
¹⁶ Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
¹⁷ Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
¹⁸ Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
¹⁹ UConn Center on Aging & Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
²⁰ Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
²¹ Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Shields, UK.
²² Institute for Lifecourse Development, School of Health Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, UK.
²³ Ageing Biology & Age Related Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK.
²⁴ Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
²⁵ Translational Gerontology Branch, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
²⁶ School of Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
²⁷ Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
²⁸ Institute of Precision Diagnostics and Translational Medicine, Pathology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, West Midlands, UK.
²⁹ Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
³⁰ Institute for Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
³¹ Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
³² Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
³³ World Public Health Nutrition Association, Peacehaven, UK.
³⁴ Humanity Inc, Humanity, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
³⁵ Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
³⁶ Institute of Chemical Biology, Laboratory of Biomarker Discovery & Translational Research, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece.
³⁷ Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
³⁸ School of Health and Sport Sciences, Musculoskeletal Health & Rehabilitation, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK.
³⁹ Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
⁴⁰ Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
⁴¹ NUTRAN, Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
⁴² Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
⁴³ Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
⁴⁴ Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
⁴⁵ Centre for Healthy Longevity, @AgeSingapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
⁴⁶ BioScreening Core Facility, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
⁴⁷ Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
⁴⁸ Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
⁴⁹ Institute of Biogerontology, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
⁵⁰ Research Clinical Center of Gerontology of the National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
⁵¹ College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
⁵² Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
⁵³ Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
⁵⁴ Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK.
⁵⁵ Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
⁵⁶ Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
⁵⁷ Performance and Health Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain.
⁵⁸ Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Max Rubner Center, Charité University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁵⁹ Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
⁶⁰ Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
⁶¹ Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Food, Nutrition, Development and Mental Health (ANUT-DSM) Research Group , Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain.
⁶² Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
⁶³ Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylän yliopisto, Finland.
⁶⁴ Wellbeing Services County of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland.
⁶⁵ Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK.
⁶⁶ Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
⁶⁷ Trent Centre for Aging & Society, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
⁶⁸ Independent Researcher, Human Physiology and Integrative Medicine, London, UK.
⁶⁹ Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany.
⁷⁰ Centre for Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
⁷¹ Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
⁷² Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, UK.
⁷³ State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
⁷⁴ Department of Life Sciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus.
⁷⁵ Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
⁷⁶ Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.

PMID: 39708300
PMCID: PMC11979094
DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glae297

An Expert Consensus Statement on Biomarkers of Aging for Use in Intervention Studies

Giorgia Perri et al. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2025.

. 2025 Apr 7;80(5):glae297.

doi: 10.1093/gerona/glae297.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Human Nutrition & Exercise Research Centre, Centre for Healthier Lives, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
² School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
³ Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Guarda, Portugal.
⁴ Health Research and Innovation Science Centre, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania.
⁵ Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
⁶ Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
⁷ Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute (IMERI), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
⁸ Center for Supercentenarian Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
⁹ Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
¹¹ Chair of Active Ageing, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
¹² CareConnex, Sierre, Valais, Switzerland.
¹³ Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica Ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
¹⁴ Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing (MPI-AGE), Cologne, Germany.
¹⁵ Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
¹⁶ Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
¹⁷ Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
¹⁸ Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
¹⁹ UConn Center on Aging & Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
²⁰ Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
²¹ Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Shields, UK.
²² Institute for Lifecourse Development, School of Health Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, UK.
²³ Ageing Biology & Age Related Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK.
²⁴ Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
²⁵ Translational Gerontology Branch, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
²⁶ School of Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
²⁷ Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
²⁸ Institute of Precision Diagnostics and Translational Medicine, Pathology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, West Midlands, UK.
²⁹ Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
³⁰ Institute for Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
³¹ Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
³² Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
³³ World Public Health Nutrition Association, Peacehaven, UK.
³⁴ Humanity Inc, Humanity, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
³⁵ Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
³⁶ Institute of Chemical Biology, Laboratory of Biomarker Discovery & Translational Research, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece.
³⁷ Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
³⁸ School of Health and Sport Sciences, Musculoskeletal Health & Rehabilitation, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK.
³⁹ Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
⁴⁰ Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
⁴¹ NUTRAN, Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
⁴² Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
⁴³ Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
⁴⁴ Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
⁴⁵ Centre for Healthy Longevity, @AgeSingapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
⁴⁶ BioScreening Core Facility, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
⁴⁷ Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
⁴⁸ Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
⁴⁹ Institute of Biogerontology, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
⁵⁰ Research Clinical Center of Gerontology of the National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
⁵¹ College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
⁵² Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
⁵³ Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
⁵⁴ Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK.
⁵⁵ Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
⁵⁶ Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
⁵⁷ Performance and Health Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain.
⁵⁸ Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Max Rubner Center, Charité University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁵⁹ Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
⁶⁰ Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
⁶¹ Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Food, Nutrition, Development and Mental Health (ANUT-DSM) Research Group , Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain.
⁶² Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
⁶³ Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylän yliopisto, Finland.
⁶⁴ Wellbeing Services County of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland.
⁶⁵ Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK.
⁶⁶ Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
⁶⁷ Trent Centre for Aging & Society, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
⁶⁸ Independent Researcher, Human Physiology and Integrative Medicine, London, UK.
⁶⁹ Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany.
⁷⁰ Centre for Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
⁷¹ Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
⁷² Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, UK.
⁷³ State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
⁷⁴ Department of Life Sciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus.
⁷⁵ Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
⁷⁶ Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.

PMID: 39708300
PMCID: PMC11979094
DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glae297

Abstract

Biomarkers of aging serve as important outcome measures in longevity-promoting interventions. However, there is limited consensus on which specific biomarkers are most appropriate for human intervention studies. This work aimed to address this need by establishing an expert consensus on biomarkers of aging for use in intervention studies via the Delphi method. A 3-round Delphi study was conducted using an online platform. In Round 1, expert panel members provided suggestions for candidate biomarkers of aging. In Rounds 2 and 3, they voted on 500 initial statements (yes/no) relating to 20 biomarkers of aging. Panel members could abstain from voting on biomarkers outside their expertise. Consensus was reached when there was ≥70% agreement on a statement/biomarker. Of the 460 international panel members invited to participate, 116 completed Round 1, 87 completed Round 2, and 60 completed Round 3. Across the 3 rounds, 14 biomarkers met consensus that spanned physiological (eg, insulin-like growth factor 1, growth-differentiating factor-15), inflammatory (eg, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6), functional (eg, muscle mass, muscle strength, hand grip strength, Timed-Up-and-Go, gait speed, standing balance test, frailty index, cognitive health, blood pressure), and epigenetic (eg, DNA methylation/epigenetic clocks) domains. Expert consensus identified 14 potential biomarkers of aging which may be used as outcome measures in intervention studies. Future aging research should identify which combination of these biomarkers has the greatest utility.

Keywords: Consensus; Delphi method; Longevity.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

J.A.B reports receiving research funding and materials from Pfizer, Calico, Elysium Health, and Metro International Biotech and consulting fees from Pfizer, Elysium Health, Altimmune, and Cytokinetics. M.E. received research funding from the National Institutes of Health and the Alzheimer’s Association and consults with Nestle and Annovis Bio. W.J.H. is a paid consultant for Bayer Healthcare. P.K.J. is a paid consultant to Humanity Inc., a company focused on measuring and developing interventions for Biological Age. P.K.J. is partly remunerated under a Humanity Inc. share option scheme. P.K.J. is founder of Geromica, a consultancy providing advice on measurement of health and aging. D.W.L. has received funding from, and is a scientific advisory board member of Aeovian Pharmaceuticals, which seeks to develop novel, selective mTOR inhibitors for the treatment of various diseases. F.M. has equity interest in TLL The Longevity labs and Samsara Therapeutics. A.B.M. is cofounder of Chi Longevity and Chief Medical Officer of NU. S.P. reports non-financial support from Enhanced Recovery, other from Exerkine, personal fees from Nestle Health Sciences, outside the submitted work; In addition, S.P. has a patent 3052324 issued to Exerkine, and a patent 16/182891 issued to Exerkine. D.S. has received honoraria from Pfizer, Amgen, and Abbott Nutrition. S.S. received consulting fees from Abbott Laboratories Sdn Bhd. Z.H.-S. has received speaker fees/honoraria from pharmaceutical companies including Kyowa Kirin, UCB, and Ascendis, in recent years. He is the editor of Osteoporosis Review and part of the Clinical Research Committee for the Royal Osteoporosis Society. The other authors have no conflict to declare.

Figures

None — A graphical abstract to depict the methodology of results of this Delphi study.

**Figure 1.**
Flow diagram of the Delphi process and results with indications of biomarkers and statements reaching consensus across each round. Numbers in parentheses indicate the numbers of statements reaching consensus (yes or no). *In Round 2, two biomarkers were amalgamated thus reducing the total number of statements from 500 to 475 and resulting in a total of 13 accepted (yes) by the end of Round 2, 125 undecided, and 59 removed biomarkers.

**Figure 2.**
Summary of overall responses (yes/no) to biomarkers. (A) 20 biomarkers from Round 2, (B) 4 biomarkers recirculated for Round 3, and (C) Total recommended biomarkers. Black bars indicate % of responses denoted to not recommend the biomarker and dark gray bars indicate % of responses denoted to recommend the biomarker. Dashed line indicates the 70% threshold. GDF-15: growth differentiation factor 15; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HGS: hand grip strength; hsCRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor 1; IL-6: interleukin-6; SBT: standing balance test; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; TUG: Timed-Up-and-Go.

**Figure 3.**
A summary of overall responses across Round 2 and Round 3. Statements are divided by those that were removed as agreement was ≤50% (white), those that were undecided as agreement was 51%–69% (striped), those that reached consensus for “No” with agreement at ≥70% (black), and those that reached consensus for “Yes” with agreement at ≥70% (dark gray).

**Figure 4.**
A summary of responses in each major theme in (A) Round 2 and (B) Round 3. Statements are divided by those that were removed as agreement was ≤50% (white), those that were undecided as agreement was 51%–69% (striped), those that reached consensus for “No” with agreement at ≥70% (black), and those that reached consensus for “Yes” with agreement at ≥70% (dark gray). Technicalities included precision, reliability, and mechanical validation; Function# included generalisabilty, prediction of biological age and responsiveness; Function* included requirement of models/software for, and age acceleration; Suitability for various settings included field, frail and cognitively impaired participants and access to materials; Intervention duration included acute, short, medium and long.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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An Expert Consensus Statement on Biomarkers of Aging for Use in Intervention Studies

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An Expert Consensus Statement on Biomarkers of Aging for Use in Intervention Studies

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