The importance of microbiology reference laboratories and adequate funding for infectious disease surveillance

David Shaw¹, Raquel Abad Torreblanca², Zahin Amin-Chowdhury³, Adriana Bautista⁴, Desiree Bennett⁵, Karen Broughton⁶, Carlo Casanova⁷, Eun Hwa Choi⁸, Heike Claus⁹, Mary Corcoran¹⁰, Simon Cottrell¹¹, Robert Cunney¹², Lize Cuypers¹³, Tine Dalby¹⁴, Heather Davies¹⁵, Linda de Gouveia¹⁶, Ala-Eddine Deghmane¹⁷, Stefanie Desmet¹³, Mirian Domenech¹⁸, Richard Drew¹⁹, Mignon du Plessis¹⁶, Carolina Duarte⁴, Kurt Fuursted²⁰, Alyssa Golden²¹, Samanta Cristine Grassi Almeida²², Desiree Henares²³, Birgitta Henriques-Normark²⁴, Markus Hilty⁷, Steen Hoffmann²⁰, Hilary Humphreys²⁵, Susanne Jacobsson²⁶, Christopher Johnson¹¹, Keith A Jolley²⁷, Aníbal Kawabata²⁸, Jana Kozakova²⁹, Karl G Kristinsson³⁰, Pavla Krizova³¹, Alicja Kuch³², Shamez Ladhani³, Thiên-Trí Lâm⁹, María Eugenia León Ayala²⁸, Laura Lindholm³³, David Litt³⁴, Martin C J Maiden²⁷, Irene Martin²¹, Delphine Martiny³⁵, Wesley Mattheus³⁶, Noel D McCarthy³⁷, Mary Meehan⁵, Susan Meiring³⁸, Paula Mölling²⁶, Eva Morfeldt³⁹, Julie Morgan⁴⁰, Robert Mulhall⁵, Carmen Muñoz-Almagro⁴¹, David Murdoch⁴², Martin Musilek³¹, Ludmila Novakova⁴³, Shahin Oftadeh⁴⁴, Amaresh Perez-Arguello⁴⁵, Maria Dolores Pérez-Vázquez⁴⁶, Monique Perrin⁴⁷, Benoit Prevost³⁵, Maria Roberts¹¹, Assaf Rokney⁴⁸, Merav Ron⁴⁸, Olga Marina Sanabria⁴, Kevin J Scott⁴⁹, Julio Sempere¹⁸, Lotta Siira³³, Ana Paula Silva de Lemos²², Vitali Sintchenko⁵⁰, Anna Skoczyńska³², Hans-Christian Slotved²⁰, Andrew J Smith⁵¹, Muhamed-Kheir Taha¹⁷, Maija Toropainen³³, Georgina Tzanakaki⁵², Anni Vainio³³, Mark P G van der Linden⁵³, Nina M van Sorge⁵⁴, Emmanuelle Varon⁵⁵, Julio Vazquez Moreno², Sandra Vohrnova⁵⁶, Anne von Gottberg¹⁶, Jose Yuste¹⁸, Angela B Brueggemann⁵⁷

Affiliations

¹ Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
² National Reference Laboratory for Meningococci, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
³ Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK.
⁴ Grupo de Microbiologia-Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁵ Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland.
⁶ Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Reference Section, AMRHAI, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK.
⁷ Swiss National Reference Centre for Invasive Pneumococci, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
⁸ Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
⁹ German National Reference Center for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
¹⁰ Department of Clinical Microbiology, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland.
¹¹ Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK.
¹² Department of Clinical Microbiology, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland; Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland.
¹³ Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; National Reference Centre for Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
¹⁴ Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹⁵ Meningococcal Reference Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Porirua, New Zealand.
¹⁶ Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
¹⁷ Invasive Bacterial Infections Unit and National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
¹⁸ CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Spanish Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
¹⁹ Clinical Innovation Unit, Rotunda, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Clinical Microbiology, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland.
²⁰ Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
²¹ National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada.
²² National Laboratory for Meningitis and Pneumococcal Infections, Center of Bacteriology, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil.
²³ CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Públic, CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Recerca Pediatrica, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain.
²⁴ Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
²⁵ Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.
²⁶ National Reference Laboratory for Neisseria meningitidis, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
²⁷ Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
²⁸ Department of Bacteriology and Mycology, Respiratory and Meningeal Diseases Section, Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública, Asunción, Paraguay.
²⁹ NRL for Streptococcal Infections, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Air-Borne Bacterial Infections, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic; Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.
³⁰ Department of Clinical Microbiology, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
³¹ NRL for Meningococcal Infections, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.
³² National Reference Centre for Bacterial Meningitis, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
³³ Department of Public Health, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
³⁴ Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK.
³⁵ Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie Université de Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium; National Reference Centre for Haemophilus influenzae, Laboratoires des Hôpitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles-Universitaire Laboratorium Brussel, LHUB-ULB, Brussels, Belgium.
³⁶ National Reference Centre for Neisseria meningitidis, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.
³⁷ Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
³⁸ Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
³⁹ Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden.
⁴⁰ Streptococcal Reference Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Porirua, New Zealand.
⁴¹ CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Públic, CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Recerca Pediatrica, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain; Medicine Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
⁴² University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
⁴³ NRL for Haemophilus Infections, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁴⁴ Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, NSW, Sydney, Australia.
⁴⁵ Instituto de Recerca Pediatrica, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain.
⁴⁶ National Centre of Microbiology and CIBER de enfermedades infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
⁴⁷ Laboratoire National de Sante, Dudelange, Luxembourg.
⁴⁸ Government Central Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel.
⁴⁹ Bacterial Respiratory Infection Service, Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Glasgow, UK.
⁵⁰ Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, NSW, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁵¹ Bacterial Respiratory Infection Service, Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Glasgow, UK; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
⁵² National Meningitis Reference Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece.
⁵³ Reference Laboratory for Streptococci, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
⁵⁴ Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention and Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁵⁵ Laboratory of Medical Biology and National Reference Centre for Pneumococci, Intercommunal Hospital of Créteil, Créteil, France.
⁵⁶ NRL for Streptococcal Infections, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁵⁷ Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: angela.brueggemann@ndph.ox.ac.uk.

PMID: 39709282
DOI: 10.1016/S2589-7500(24)00241-3

Free article

Review

The importance of microbiology reference laboratories and adequate funding for infectious disease surveillance

David Shaw et al. Lancet Digit Health. 2025 Apr.

Free article

. 2025 Apr;7(4):e275-e281.

doi: 10.1016/S2589-7500(24)00241-3. Epub 2024 Dec 20.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
² National Reference Laboratory for Meningococci, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
³ Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK.
⁴ Grupo de Microbiologia-Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁵ Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland.
⁶ Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Reference Section, AMRHAI, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK.
⁷ Swiss National Reference Centre for Invasive Pneumococci, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
⁸ Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
⁹ German National Reference Center for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
¹⁰ Department of Clinical Microbiology, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland.
¹¹ Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK.
¹² Department of Clinical Microbiology, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland; Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland.
¹³ Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; National Reference Centre for Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
¹⁴ Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹⁵ Meningococcal Reference Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Porirua, New Zealand.
¹⁶ Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
¹⁷ Invasive Bacterial Infections Unit and National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
¹⁸ CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Spanish Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
¹⁹ Clinical Innovation Unit, Rotunda, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Clinical Microbiology, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland.
²⁰ Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
²¹ National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada.
²² National Laboratory for Meningitis and Pneumococcal Infections, Center of Bacteriology, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil.
²³ CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Públic, CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Recerca Pediatrica, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain.
²⁴ Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
²⁵ Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.
²⁶ National Reference Laboratory for Neisseria meningitidis, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
²⁷ Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
²⁸ Department of Bacteriology and Mycology, Respiratory and Meningeal Diseases Section, Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública, Asunción, Paraguay.
²⁹ NRL for Streptococcal Infections, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Air-Borne Bacterial Infections, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic; Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.
³⁰ Department of Clinical Microbiology, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
³¹ NRL for Meningococcal Infections, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.
³² National Reference Centre for Bacterial Meningitis, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
³³ Department of Public Health, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
³⁴ Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK.
³⁵ Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie Université de Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium; National Reference Centre for Haemophilus influenzae, Laboratoires des Hôpitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles-Universitaire Laboratorium Brussel, LHUB-ULB, Brussels, Belgium.
³⁶ National Reference Centre for Neisseria meningitidis, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.
³⁷ Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
³⁸ Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
³⁹ Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden.
⁴⁰ Streptococcal Reference Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Porirua, New Zealand.
⁴¹ CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Públic, CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Recerca Pediatrica, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain; Medicine Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
⁴² University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
⁴³ NRL for Haemophilus Infections, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁴⁴ Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, NSW, Sydney, Australia.
⁴⁵ Instituto de Recerca Pediatrica, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain.
⁴⁶ National Centre of Microbiology and CIBER de enfermedades infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
⁴⁷ Laboratoire National de Sante, Dudelange, Luxembourg.
⁴⁸ Government Central Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel.
⁴⁹ Bacterial Respiratory Infection Service, Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Glasgow, UK.
⁵⁰ Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, NSW, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁵¹ Bacterial Respiratory Infection Service, Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Glasgow, UK; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
⁵² National Meningitis Reference Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece.
⁵³ Reference Laboratory for Streptococci, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
⁵⁴ Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention and Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁵⁵ Laboratory of Medical Biology and National Reference Centre for Pneumococci, Intercommunal Hospital of Créteil, Créteil, France.
⁵⁶ NRL for Streptococcal Infections, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁵⁷ Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: angela.brueggemann@ndph.ox.ac.uk.

PMID: 39709282
DOI: 10.1016/S2589-7500(24)00241-3

Abstract

Microbiology reference laboratories perform a crucial role within public health systems. This role was especially evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this Viewpoint, we emphasise the importance of microbiology reference laboratories and highlight the types of digital data and expertise they provide, which benefit national and international public health. We also highlight the value of surveillance initiatives among collaborative international partners, who work together to share, analyse, and interpret data, and then disseminate their findings in a timely manner. Microbiology reference laboratories have substantial impact at regional, national, and international levels, and sustained support for these laboratories is essential for public health in both pandemic and non-pandemic times.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of interests EV has received research grants from the French Public Health Agency, Pfizer, and MSD (paid to Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil). SD has received a research grant from Pfizer; and advisory board and speaker fees from Merck-MSD (paid to University Hospitals Leuven). MH and CC have received funding from the Federal Office of Public Health (paid to The Swiss National Reference Center for Invasive Pneumococci). MH has participated on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for both Pfizer and MSD. MH also holds investigator-initiated grants from Pfizer and MSD paid to his institution. However, the sponsors had no role in the data analysis and content of this manuscript. AS and AKu have received funding from the National Science Centre, MSD, and Pfizer; and equipment from The Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity Foundation and the Clinical Microbiology Center Foundation (paid and sent to The National Medicines Institute, Warsaw). AKu has received payments from Sandoz, and Pfizer for lectures. AS has received payments from MSD and Pfizer for lectures; and from MSD, Pfizer, and Sanofi Pasteur for participation on advisory boards. LL and MT have received research funding from Pfizer (paid to The Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare). ABB has received funding from MSD for IRIS pneumococcal genome sequencing. ABB is an unpaid advisor to WHO, providing expertise related to vaccines and antimicrobial resistance. ABB is also an unpaid General Assembly member (from 2022 onwards); and was a board member from 2016 to 2022, and Secretary from 2018 to 2022 for the International Society of Pneumonia and Pneumococcal Diseases. MD has received financial support from Pfizer to attend national scientific meetings. HH has received a grant from Pfizer to investigate Irish pneumococcal serotypes with whole genome sequencing. HH has received consulting fees from Bons Secours Hospital Group (Ireland). HH has received payment from the Scottish Hospitals Enquiry for expert testimony. KAJ has received personal royalties from GSK; and personal honoraria from the Wellcome Trust. T-TL has received consulting fees from the Trond Mohn Foundation. T-TL is an unpaid board member for the European Society for Meningococcal and Haemophilus influenzae disease, and the German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology (committee for microbial systematics, population genetics and infection epidemiology). H-CS has received funding from Pfizer for a pneumococcal carriage project. H-CS has received funding for consultations on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for MSD. MPGvdL has received research funding from Pfizer and Merck (paid to the Reference Laboratory for Streptococci in Aachen, Germany); has received consulting fees from Pfizer, Merck, and GSK; payment or honoraria from Pfizer and Merck; and support for attending meetings or travel from Pfizer. AvG is the chairperson for the National Immunization Technical Advisory Group (National Advisory Group on Immunization) for South Africa. NMvS has received fees for services and consulting fees from MSD and GSK; consulting fees from Pfizer; and research funding from the Dutch Health Counsel, Argenx, Leducq Foundation, and Amsterdam UMC (all paid to their institution). NMvS holds a patent (WO 2013/020090 A3) on vaccine development against Streptococcus pyogenes. NMvS is an unpaid scientific advisor to the ItsME foundation, and a scientific advisor to Rapua te me ngaro ka tau (fees are paid to the University of Amsterdam). NMvS holds personal stock in Genmab and the Bank of America. JY has received payments for lectures given at scientific meetings organised by MSD and Pfizer; has received support from MSD and Pfizer to attend national and international scientific meetings; and has participated on MSD and Pfizer advisory boards. JS has participated on advisory boards for MSD. HC has received payment from Sanofi-Aventis Germany for a lecture; and is an unpaid external advisor to the German Standing Committee on Vaccination. SM is an unpaid external expert for an advisory board for enquiry into the landscape for a MenB vaccine in South Africa. JVM performs contract work for the Institute of Health Carlos III funded by GSK and Pfizer; and receives consulting fees from Pfizer and Sanofi Pasteur. MC has received an Investigator Initiated Research grant from Pfizer (W1243730; paid to their institution, Children's Health Ireland). MC is part of a working group for The National Immunisation Advisory Committee in Ireland. KGK has received funding from the European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) to attend the ESCMID global meeting in Barcelona as a member of the Professional Affairs Subcommittee. CM-A has received payments for invited lectures given at scientific meetings for MSD, Sanofi-Pasteur, and Pfizer. CM-A has received support from MSD and Pfizer to attend national and international scientific meetings. All other authors declare no competing interests.

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The importance of microbiology reference laboratories and adequate funding for infectious disease surveillance

Affiliations

The importance of microbiology reference laboratories and adequate funding for infectious disease surveillance

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical