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Review
. 2025 Jan 5;58(1):5-14.
doi: 10.5090/jcs.24.091. Epub 2024 Dec 23.

Real-Time Fluorescence Imaging for Thoracic Duct Identification during Oesophagectomy: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Dimitra V Peristeri  1 , Minas Baltatzis  1
Affiliations
Review

Real-Time Fluorescence Imaging for Thoracic Duct Identification during Oesophagectomy: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Dimitra V Peristeri et al. J Chest Surg. .

Abstract

Postoperative chylothorax is a serious complication after oesophagectomy. Real-time identification of the thoracic duct (TD) could prevent injury or facilitate prompt management when it occurs. Intraoperative TD lymphography with indocyanine green (ICG) is a novel technique that may help prevent chyle leaks following thoracic surgery. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library for studies published until July 2024 evaluating ICG for TD identification during oesophagectomy was performed. Studies were included in the review if they assessed intraoperative TD identification with ICG to prevent chyle leakage in patients undergoing oesophagectomy. Nine of 265 screened papers were included in the present review, with 3 reporting comparative techniques of TD identification between patients. Only 1 study had a control group without ICG administration. TD was identified in 281 of the 303 patients who received ICG. Chyle leak incidence was 0.66% in the ICG group. The mean observation time of TD after ICG administration was 162 minutes. Most of the included patients received neoadjuvant treatment before surgery. Different application routes of ICG have been reported, with the most prominent one being through the inguinal region under ultrasound guidance. Real- time TD identification with ICG might be a valuable tool for avoiding injury or managing it intraoperatively. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review on this complex topic. However, as no randomized controlled trials have been published, sufficient evidence is needed to determine whether the aforementioned method can sufficiently reduce the chyle leak rate.

Keywords: Esophagectomy; Fluorescence; Indocyanine green; Minimally invasive surgery; Thoracic duct identification.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Figures

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Fig. 1
PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) flow diagram. From Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 2021;372:n71 [13]. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
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