Perspectives on the extracellular matrix in inflammatory bowel disease and bowel decellularization protocols

Abstract

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a non-cellular three-dimensional structure present in all tissues that is essential for the intestinal maintenance, function and structure, as well as for providing physical support for tissue integrity and elasticity. ECM enables the regulation of various processes involved in tissue homeostasis, being vital for healing, growth, migration and cell differentiation. Structurally, ECM is composed of water, polysaccharides and proteins, such as collagen fibers and proteoglycans, which are specifically arranged for each tissue. In pathological scenarios, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the deposition and remodeling of the ECM can be altered in relation to the homeostatic composition. IBD, such as Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, can be differentiated according to ECM alterations, such as circulating levels of collagen, laminin and vimentin neoepitopes. In this context, ECM presents particularities in both physiological and pathological processes, however, exploring methods of tissue decellularization is emerging as a promising frontier for new therapeutic interventions and clinical protocols, promoting the development of new approaches to intestinal diseases.

Keywords: Decellularization protocols; Extracellular matrix; Inflammatory bowel disease; Intestine; Regenerative medicine.

Figure 1

Summary of changes in the extracellular matrix in inflammatory bowel disease. There is an increase in collagen fibres influenced by the action of metalloproteinases, contributing to the development of fibrosis. There is a reduction in elastic fibres and a change in glycosaminoglycans, affecting the elasticity and hydration of the tissue. ECM: Extracellular matrix; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; GAG’s: Glycosaminoglycans.