Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2024 Nov 28:42:101404.
doi: 10.1016/j.conctc.2024.101404. eCollection 2024 Dec.

Hydroxyurea therapy for neurological and cognitive protection in pediatric sickle cell anemia in Uganda (BRAIN SAFE II): Protocol for a single-arm open label trial

Vincent Mboizi  1 , Catherine Nabaggala  2 , Deogratias Munube  2 , John M Ssenkusu  3 , Phillip Kasirye  2 , Samson Kamya  4 , Michael G Kawooya  4 , Amelia Boehme  5 , Frank Minja  6 , Ezekiel Mupere  2 , Robert Opoka  1   2 , Caterina Rosano  7 , Richard Idro  2 , Nancy S Green  8
Affiliations

Hydroxyurea therapy for neurological and cognitive protection in pediatric sickle cell anemia in Uganda (BRAIN SAFE II): Protocol for a single-arm open label trial

Vincent Mboizi et al. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. .

Abstract

Background: Children with sickle cell anemia (SCA) in Sub-Saharan Africa are at high risk of sickle cerebrovascular injury (SCVI). Hydroxyurea, a commonly used disease-modifying therapy, may reduce SCVI resulting in potential impact on reducing stroke and cognitive dysfunction. We aim to test the impact of daily hydroxyurea therapy on these outcomes in Ugandan children with SCA. We hypothesized that hydroxyurea therapy over 36 months will prevent, stabilize or improve these complications of SCA.

Methods: The BRAIN SAFE II study is an open label, single arm trial of daily hydroxyurea in 270 children with SCA (HbSS) in Uganda, ages 3-9 years. Following baseline assessments, participants began hydroxyurea therapy and are followed according to local guidelines. Standard hydroxyurea dose is escalated to maximum tolerated dose (MTD). SCVI is assessed by cerebral arterial velocity using Doppler ultrasound, with cognitive function determined by formal neurocognitive testing (primary outcomes). Structural SCVI is assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and angiography (MRA) in a sub-sample of 90 participants ages >5 years. At trial midpoint (18 months) and completion (36 months), outcomes of age-specific assessments will be compared to baseline, as well as biomarkers of anemia, inflammation and malnutrition (secondary outcomes) to determine their relationships to primary outcomes.

Conclusion: This trial will examine the impact of hydroxyurea on preventing or ameliorating SCA SCVI in children, assessed by reducing incident stroke, stroke risk and neurocognitive dysfunction. Trial results will provide critical insight into the role of hydroxyurea therapy on critical manifestations of SCVI in children with SCA.

Trial registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04750707 (registered 11 February 2021).

Protocol version: BRAIN SAFE II Protocol Version 3.0, Mar 02, 2022.

Keywords: Hydroxyurea; Neurological and cognitive protection; Sickle cell anemia; Transcranial Doppler.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Conceptual model of hydroxyurea on sickle cerebrovascular injury (SCVI). In U.S.-based studies, hydroxyurea (HU) reduces the frequency of abnormal cranial blood flow (assessed by transcranial doppler velocity) and stroke, along with stabilization of magnetic resonance imaging, yet prospective analyses of HU effect on impaired cognition are lacking.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Trial scheme for treatment and scheduled endpoint assessments.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

    1. Moeti M., Mocumbi A., Bukhman G. British Medical Journal Publishing Group; 2023. Why There Is New Hope for the Care of Chronic Diseases in Africa. - PubMed
    1. Ndeezi G., Kiyaga C., Hernandez A.G., Munube D., Howard T.A., Ssewanyana I., et al. Burden of sickle cell trait and disease in the Uganda Sickle Surveillance Study (US3): a cross-sectional study. Lancet Global Health. 2016;4(3):e195–e200. - PubMed
    1. MacEwan J.P., King A.A., Nguyen A., Mubayi A., Agodoa I., Smith-Whitley K. Cognition and education benefits of increased hemoglobin and blood oxygenation in children with sickle cell disease. PLoS One. 2023;18(8) - PMC - PubMed
    1. Choudhury N.A., DeBaun M.R., Ponisio M.R., Jordan L.C., Rodeghier M., Pruthi S., et al. Intracranial vasculopathy and infarct recurrence in children with sickle cell anemia, silent cerebral infarcts, and normal transcranial Doppler velocities. Br. J. Haematol. 2018;183(2):324. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Greenwood S., Deane C., Rees O.L., Freedman B., Kumar S., Ben Ramadan N., et al. The significance of inadequate transcranial Doppler studies in children with sickle cell disease. PLoS One. 2017;12(7) - PMC - PubMed

Associated data

LinkOut - more resources