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. 2024 Nov 28:41:100669.
doi: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100669. eCollection 2025 Feb.

Compact and full-range carbon dioxide sensor using photoacoustic and resonance dependent modes

Yifan Li  1 , Lixian Liu  1   2 , Liang Zhao  3 , Xueshi Zhang  1 , Le Zhang  1 , Jialiang Sun  1 , Huiting Huan  1   2 , Yize Liang  1 , Jiyong Zhang  4 , Xiaopeng Shao  1 , Andreas Mandelis  2 , Roberto Li Voti  5
Affiliations

Compact and full-range carbon dioxide sensor using photoacoustic and resonance dependent modes

Yifan Li et al. Photoacoustics. .

Abstract

A compact and robust optical excitation photoacoustic sensor with a self-integrated laser module excitation and an optimized differential resonator was developed to achieve high sensitivity and full linear range detection of carbon dioxide (CO2) based on dual modes of wavelength modulated photoacoustic spectroscopy (WMPAS) and resonant frequency tracking (RFT). The integrated laser module equipped with three lasers (a quantum cascade laser (QCL), a distributed feedback laser (DFB) and a He-Ne laser) working in a time-division multiplexing mode was used as an integrated set of spectroscopic sources for detection of the designated concentration levels of CO2. With the absorption photoacoustic mode, the WMPAS detection with the QCL and DFB sources was capable of CO2 detection at concentrations below 20 %, yielding a noise equivalent concentration (NEC) as low as 240 ppt and a normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient (NNEA) of 4.755 × 10-10 W cm-1/√Hz, and dynamic range as great as 11 orders of magnitude. Higher concentration detection ranges (20 %-100 %) of CO2 were investigated using the RFT mode with an amplitude-stabilized He-Ne laser and a mechanical chopper. With the dual modes of WMPAS and RFT, the optical excitation sensor achieved full-range CO2 detection, with an R² ≥ 0.9993 and a response time of 5 seconds. The compact and full-range CO2 sensor combines the advantages of WMPAS and RFT and offers a solution for high sensitivity, linearity and full-range CO2 detection.

Keywords: All-optical; Full-range; Photoacoustic spectroscopy; Resonance frequency tracking; Time division multiplexing.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Simulated spectral distribution characteristics of CO2 and H2O based on HITRAN Database. Temperature and pressure: 296 K and 1 atm respectively. The asterisk represents the selected wavenumber.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Schematic diagram of the full-range CO2 concentration sensor based on the dual modes (WMPAS and RFT).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Simulated PA signal vs. target gas concentration. (a): QCL mode (b): DFB mode (c): He-Ne Laser mode (also referred to as RFT mode).
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Modulation depth curves (a):20 ppm CO2 in QCL Mode (b): 2 % CO2 in DFB Modulation Mode.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
2f-WMPAS spectral scanning measurement. (a): 20 ppm CO2 in QCL Mode (b): 2 % CO2 in DFB Modulation Mode.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
(a), (b) and (c): The noise level and PA signals of 30 ppm, 5 % and 90 % CO2 v.s. gas flow rates measured by QCL, DFB and He-Ne laser modes respectively.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
The PA signals of 50 ppm and 20 % v.s. humidity levels measured by QCL and DFB modes.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
(a) The PA signals changing with CO2 concentration range from 0 ppm to 80 ppm using the QCL; (b) The PA signals changing with CO2 concentration range from 0 % to 100 % using DFB (Localized enlargement of the 50ppm-20 % concentration range is shown in the small figure); (c) The resonance frequency changing with CO2 concentration from 0 % to 100 % using He-Ne Laser.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Continuous monitoring with the compact and full-range sensor (a): QCL mode for CO2 of 0–50 ppm (b): DFB mode for CO2 of 50 ppm-20 % (c): RFT mode for CO2 of 20 %-100 %.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Practical measurements with the compact and full-range sensors (a): 30 ppm CO2 (b): 10 % CO2 (c): 80 % CO2.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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