Biosimilars versus the originator of follitropin alfa for ovarian stimulation in ART: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Study question: Is the probability of pregnancy different between women using biosimilars versus the originator of follitropin alfa for ovarian stimulation in ART?

Summary answer: Meta-analysis of eight randomized clinical trials (RCTs) suggests that live birth, clinical, and ongoing pregnancy rates are significantly lower with biosimilars of follitropin alfa compared to the originator.

What is known already: All biosimilars of follitropin alfa have received regulatory approval by demonstrating non-inferiority in the number of retrieved oocytes compared to the originator. Nevertheless, the most clinically relevant outcome in ART for both clinicians and patients is live birth. A meta-analysis published in 2021 suggested that biosimilars of follitropin alfa are associated with lower live birth rates compared to the originator. Since then, more relevant RCTs have been published, and thus an updated critical synthesis of the available evidence is urgently warranted.

Study design, size, duration: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to compare biosimilars versus the originator of follitropin alfa in women undergoing ovarian stimulation for ART. A literature search was conducted until January 2024 in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, Scopus, Web of Science, WHO, Clinicaltrials.gov, and others to identify eligible RCTs. The primary outcome was live birth. Secondary outcomes included clinical and ongoing pregnancy, duration of gonadotrophin administration and total FSH dose, number of oocytes retrieved, and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS).

Participants/materials, setting, methods: Data were extracted independently by two reviewers. Quality was assessed using the RoB-2 Tool by Cochrane, and a sensitivity analysis was performed by excluding studies having high risk of bias. Meta-analysis was performed using the random or fixed effects model depending on the presence or not of significant (>50%) statistical heterogeneity (I2). Results were combined using the intention-to-treat principle and are reported as risk ratio (RR) or weighted-mean-difference (WMD) with 95% CIs.

Main results and the role of chance: Eight RCTs (n = 2987) (published between 2015 and 2023) were identified, assessing seven biosimilar products of follitropin alfa. The number of patients included in the eligible studies ranged from 100 to 1100. Three of the RCTs were deemed to be at high risk of bias. The duration of gonadotrophin administration was shorter in the biosimilars group (WMD: -0.19 days, 95% CI: -0.34 to -0.05; I2 = 0%, 5 studies, n = 2081), while no difference was observed in the total dose of FSH (WMD: -34.69 IUs, 95% CI: -74.54 to 5.16; I2 = 15.53%, 5 studies, n = 2081). No difference was observed in the number of oocytes retrieved (WMD: 0.27, 95% CI: -0.43 to 0.96; I2 = 10.7%, 6 studies, n = 1527) and OHSS rates (RR: 1.17, 95% CI: 0.90-1.52; I2 = 0%, 8 studies, n = 2986) between the two groups. A significantly lower live birth rate was observed using the biosimilars of follitropin alfa compared to the originator in women undergoing ovarian stimulation for ART (RR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.72-0.96; I2 = 0%, 6 studies, n = 2335; moderate certainty of evidence). Similarly, clinical pregnancy (RR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.73-0.92; I2 = 0%, 7 studies, n = 2876; low certainty of evidence) and ongoing pregnancy rates (RR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.70-0.94; I2 = 0%, 7 studies, n = 1886; low certainty of evidence) were lower in the biosimilars group. These results were not materially altered in the sensitivity analyses performed where studies deemed at high risk of bias were excluded.

Limitations, reasons for caution: This meta-analysis included RCTs evaluating seven different biosimilars of follitropin alfa; however, pooled data appeared to be homogeneous. No data were available comparing biosimilars of follitropin alfa with the originator regarding cumulative live birth rate per aspiration or the probability of live birth in frozen thawed cycles. The population examined in the eligible RCTs includes mainly normal responders and no RCTs were identified focusing on poor or high responders.

Wider implications of the findings: Clinicians should be informed that although biosimilars of follitropin alfa produce similar number of oocytes with the originator, pregnancy rates after a fresh transfer are likely to be lower. Future research should focus on optimizing the production and use of biosimilars of follitropin alfa, so that they lead to pregnancy rates comparable to the originator.

Study funding/competing interest(s): No external funding was used for this study. K.I.K. and A.S. have no competing interest to disclose. E.M.K. reports personal fees and non-financial support from Merck, Ferring, IBSA, and Vianex. B.W.M. has been supported by an investigator grant from NHMRC, has received consulting fees from Organon, Merck, and Norgine, research support and non-financial support from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. B.W.M. also reports having stocks from OBsEva. C.A.V. reports grants, personal fees, and non-financial support from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, personal fees, and non-financial support from Merck, Sharpe and Dohme, personal fees and non-financial support from Organon, grants and non-financial support from Ferring, personal fees from IBSA, and personal fees and non-financial support from Gedeon Richter and Vianex.

Registration number: Protocol for the systematic review registered in The International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42024498237).

Keywords: ICSI; IVF; biosimilars; follitropin-alfa; live birth rate; r-hFSH.

Figure 1.

PRISMA flow chart. For more information, visit: http://www.prisma-statement.org/. PRISMA, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis; RCT, randomized clinical trials.

Figure 2.

Forest plots, presenting the results of the meta-analysis on pregnancy outcomes. (A): Forest plot comparing live birth rates between patients stimulated with biosimilars of follitropin alfa and those who were stimulated with the originator; (B): Forest plot comparing ongoing pregnancy rates between patients stimulated with biosimilars of follitropin alfa and those who were stimulated with the originator; (C): Forest plot comparing clinical pregnancy rates between patients stimulated with biosimilars of follitropin alfa and those who were stimulated with the originator.

Figure 3.

Forest plots, presenting the results of the meta-analysis on secondary, non-pregnancy outcomes. (A): Forest plot comparing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome rates between patients stimulated with biosimilars of follitropin alfa and those who were stimulated with the originator; (B): Forest plot comparing the duration of gonadotrophin administration (in days) between patients stimulated with biosimilars of follitropin alfa and those who were stimulated with the originator; (C): Forest plot comparing the total dose of FSH between patients stimulated with biosimilars of follitropin alfa and those who were stimulated with the originator; (D): Forest plot comparing the number of oocytes retrieved between patients stimulated with biosimilars of follitropin alfa and those who were stimulated with the originator.