Violence risk prediction in mental health inpatient settings using the Dynamic Appraisal of Situational Aggression

Abstract

Introduction/background: Aggression and violence are common problems in healthcare settings and affects both patients and healthcare staff. The Dynamic Appraisal of Situational Aggression (DASA) is an assessment tool to guide assessment for short term risk in inpatient settings. There have been no large-scale studies examining the performance of the DASA across different clinical settings. Our objective is to examine the performance of the DASA using a large longitudinal patient sample on different clinical units. A secondary objective was to examine alterative risk categories of the DASA.

Methods: All consecutive mental health hospital admissions to a large hospital in Toronto, Canada between 2016 and 2019 were included. Time-to-event analysis and Receiver Operating Characteristics Area Under the Curve (AUC) was conducted with the outcome variable being the occurrence of the first violent incident or first restraint event.

Results: We included 3819 patients, of which 17% had at least one violent incident. We analysed 88,124 DASA scores and found a significant association with violence (HR 1.79 (95% CI), AUC 0.73). We found that the AUCs were similar for subspecialized forensic, schizophrenia and acute care units (0.71, 0.73 and 0.75 respectively), and lower for geriatric units (0.66). We propose new violence risk categories based on the frequency of violence at each score.

Discussion: Higher DASA scores are associated with higher risk of violent incidents in both forensic and non-forensic inpatient psychiatric units. The proposed violence risk groups help rule out patients at low risk of violence and may help identify patients who would most benefit from interventions to reduce violence.

Keywords: acute psychiatric admission; aggression; forensic-psychiatric practice; inpatient violence; old age psychiatry; prevention; risk assessment; schizophrenia.