Is Duchenne gene therapy a suitable treatment despite its immunogenic class effect?

Abstract

Introduction: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness and eventual death due to cardiomyopathy or respiratory complications. Currently, there is no cure for DMD, with standard treatments primarily focusing on symptom management. Using immunosuppressive measures and optimized vector designs allows for gene therapies to better address the genetic cause of the disease.

Areas covered: This review evaluates the efficacy and safety of emerging DMD gene therapies as of 2024. It also discusses the potential of utrophin upregulation, gene editing, and truncated dystrophin as therapeutic strategies. It highlights safety concerns associated with these therapies, including adverse events and patient deaths. A comprehensive overview of developments covers topics such as CRISPR-Cas9 therapies, micro-dystrophin, and the potential delivery of full-length dystrophin.

Expert opinion: The FDA's recent approval of delandistrogene moxeparvovec (Elevidys) underscores the promise of gene replacement therapies for DMD patients. Understanding the mechanisms behind the adverse effects and excluding patients with specific pathogenic variants may enhance the safety profiles of these therapies. CRISPR/Cas9 therapies, while promising, face significant regulatory and safety challenges that hinder their clinical application. Optimal DMD therapies should target both skeletal and cardiac muscles to be effective.

Keywords: Adverse events; CRISPR/Cas9; Duchenne muscular dystrophy; class effect; dystrophin; gene therapy; micro-dystrophin; mini-dystrophin.