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. 2024 Dec 1;12(12):10867-10880.
doi: 10.1002/fsn3.4627. eCollection 2024 Dec.

Effects of Moderate Consumption of a Probiotic-Fermented Sour Beer on the Inflammatory, Immunity, Lipid Profile, and Gut Microbiome of Healthy Men in a Participant-Blinded, Randomized-Controlled Within-Subject Crossover Study

Sean Jun Leong Ou  1 , Hafizah Yusri  1 , Dimeng Yang  1 , Chin Meng Khoo  2 , Mei Hui Liu  1
Affiliations

Effects of Moderate Consumption of a Probiotic-Fermented Sour Beer on the Inflammatory, Immunity, Lipid Profile, and Gut Microbiome of Healthy Men in a Participant-Blinded, Randomized-Controlled Within-Subject Crossover Study

Sean Jun Leong Ou et al. Food Sci Nutr. .

Abstract

Probiotic sour beer (PRO) fermented with Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Lpc-37 is a novel beverage option, which may potentially offer health benefits. In this study, the effects of PRO are evaluated on the inflammatory, immunity, lipid profile, and gut microbiome of consumers in a 5-week, participant-blinded, randomized-controlled within-subject crossover study. Twenty-one healthy male participants consumed 330 mL of PRO and normal sour beer (CON) daily for 2 weeks each with a 1 week of washout. Stool and blood samples were collected before and after each intervention. Significant increases for Proteobacteria and Bacteroides and a significant decrease in Dialister (p < 0.05) were observed in the CON group, while gut microbiome populations remained relatively stable in the PRO group. A significant increase was also found in HDL-cholesterol after PRO (p < 0.05), while no significant differences were observed in inflammatory and immunity profiles. Further research is warranted to explore its HDL-cholesterol increasing potential.

Keywords: Lacticaseibacillus paracasei; beer; gut microbiome; inflammation; lipid profile; probiotic.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) diagram. All 21 participants were used for analysis, except for gut microbiome analysis involving stool samples where only 20 participants were used due to insufficient sample amount provided by a participant.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Postinterventional changes in fasting lipid panel concentrations. (A) TG, (B) TC, (C) HDL‐c, (D) LDL‐c. Graphs are presented as medians and 95% CI. Differences in postinterventional changes were analyzed with repeated measures one‐way ANOVA or Friedman test and statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Postinterventional changes in fasting inflammatory marker concentrations. (A) IL1b, (B) IL2, (C) IL4, (D) IL6, (E) IL10, (F) IL12p70, (G) IFN‐γ, (H) TNF‐α. Graphs are presented as medians and 95% CI. Differences in post‐interventional changes were analyzed with repeated measures one‐way ANOVA or Friedman test and statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Postinterventional changes in fasting immunity marker concentrations. (A) WBC, (B) neutrophils, (C) lymphocytes, (D) monocytes, (E) eosinophils, (F) basophils. Graphs are presented as medians and 95% CI. Differences in postinterventional changes were analyzed with repeated measures one‐way ANOVA or Friedman test and statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Relative abundance of gut microbiome at the phylum level before and after each intervention period (n = 21).
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
Relative abundance of gut microbiome at the genus level before and after each intervention period (n = 21).
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
Differences in alpha diversity before and after the sour beer interventions (n = 21). (A) chao1 index, (B) observed OTUs, (C) Shannon's index, (D) Simpson's index. Graphs are presented as medians and 95% CI. Differences in postinterventional changes were analyzed with repeated measures one‐way ANOVA or Friedman test and statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05.
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