Prevalence of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to determine the prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) in children, as diagnosed through instrumental evaluation, and to identify associated risk factors.

Methods: A systematic search was conducted across six databases (Embase, LILACS, LIVIVO, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science), as well as gray literature sources (ASHA, Google Scholar, and ProQuest). Studies involving children (under 12 years of age), diagnosed using instrumental methods such as videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) or fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES), were included. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate the prevalence, with heterogeneity assessed through meta-regression. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist.

Results: A total of 31 studies were included, yielding a pooled prevalence estimate of 69% (95% CI: 61%-77%; I² = 94%). Most studies involved children with predisposing conditions, potentially contributing to an overestimation of OD prevalence in the general pediatric population. Four studies were assessed as having a moderate risk of bias, while 27 were rated as having a low risk of bias.

Conclusion: The findings suggest a high prevalence of OD, especially in children with underlying health conditions. These results underscore the importance of early diagnosis and tailored interventions to mitigate the health risks associated with deglutition disorders in pediatric populations.

Keywords: child; deglutition disorders; infant; oropharyngeal dysphagia; prevalence; systematic review.