Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Jun;47(3):3417-3431.
doi: 10.1007/s11357-024-01475-8. Epub 2024 Dec 26.

Abnormalities of resting-state EEG microstates in older adults with cognitive frailty

Yu Zhang  1   2 , Yue Ma  1 , Yu-Lin Gao  3 , Hai-Chao Fu  1
Affiliations

Abnormalities of resting-state EEG microstates in older adults with cognitive frailty

Yu Zhang et al. Geroscience. 2025 Jun.

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the characteristics of EEG microstates across different cognitive frailty (CF) subtypes, providing insights for the prevention and early diagnosis of CF. This study included 60 eligible older adults. Their resting-state EEG microstates were analyzed using agglomerative adaptive hierarchical clustering. Microstate temporal parameters were extracted through global field power peak-based backfitting. Spearman's partial correlation analysis and linear mixed-effects models were employed to investigate the relationship between microstate temporal parameters and CF. Statistical differences were observed in transition probabilities (TPs) from microstate B to A between healthy controls (HCs) and reversible cognitive frailty (RCF) group (t = -2.076, P = 0.042). Potentially reversible cognitive frailty (PRCF) and RCF group also exhibited statistical differences in the TPs from microstate B to A (t = 3.122, P = 0.003). In the RCF group, the occurrence of microstates A and B differed significantly from microstate C (tAC = 3.455, PAC = 0.002; tBC = 3.108, PBC = 0.004). In the PRCF group, the occurrence of microstates A, B, and C differed significantly from microstate D (tAD = -3.688, PAD = 0.001; tBD = -3.334, PBD = 0.002; tCD = -4.188, PCD < 0.001). The neural networks and processing modes engaged by microstate D during executive memory tasks differ between RCF and PRCF. A decreased occurrence of microstate C and higher TPs of microstates A and B may serve as early warning signals for RCF. Conversely, an increased occurrence of microstate D and decreased TPs of microstates C and D indicate the onset of PRCF.

Keywords: Cognitive frailty; Electroencephalogram; Microstate; Nursing homes.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Theoretical framework of cognitive processing in physical and cognitive impairments
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
A Topology map of microstates of cognitive frailty in different groups. B Pairwise comparison of transition probabilities between microstates of different categories. HCs, healthy controls; PRCF, potentially reversible cognitive frailty; RCF, reversible cognitive frailty
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
A Correlation analysis heatmap of RCF group. B Correlation analysis heatmap of PRCF group
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Dartigues JF, Amieva H. Cognitive frailty: rational and definition from an (I.A.N.A./I.A.G.G.) International Consensus Group. J Nutr Health Aging. 2014;18:95–95. 10.1007/s12603-013-0437-5. - PubMed
    1. Ruan Q, Yu Z, Chen M, Bao Z, Li J, He W. Cognitive frailty, a novel target for the prevention of elderly dependency. Ageing Res Rev. 2015;20:1–10. 10.1016/j.arr.2014.12.004. - PubMed
    1. Panza F, Solfrizzi V, Sardone R, Dibello V, Castellana F, Zupo R, Stallone R, Lampignano L, Bortone I, Mollica A, Berardino G, Ruan Q, Altamura M, Bellomo A, Daniele A, Lozupone M. Depressive and biopsychosocial frailty phenotypes: impact on late-life cognitive disorders. J Alzheimers Dis. 2023;94:879–98. 10.3233/jad-230312. - PubMed
    1. Chen B, Wang M, He Q, Wang Y, Lai X, Chen H, Li M. Impact of frailty, mild cognitive impairment and cognitive frailty on adverse health outcomes among community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:1009794. 10.3389/fmed.2022.1009794. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zhang XM, Wu XJ, Cao J, Jiao J, Chen W. Association between cognitive frailty and adverse outcomes among older adults: a meta-analysis. J Nutr Health Aging. 2022;26:817–25. 10.1007/s12603-022-1833-5. - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources