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. 2025 Apr;64(2):1257-1275.
doi: 10.1007/s10943-024-02220-3. Epub 2024 Dec 26.

A systematic Review of Spirituality Tools Based on Psychometric Qualities and Recommendations for Future Research

Kiran Bhagwandas  1 , Gyanprakash Kumar  2 , Latha Satish  3 , Narayan Behera  2 , Soubhagyalaxmi Mohanty  4 , Jayaraman Mahadevan  5
Affiliations

A systematic Review of Spirituality Tools Based on Psychometric Qualities and Recommendations for Future Research

Kiran Bhagwandas et al. J Relig Health. 2025 Apr.

Abstract

Spiritual lifestyles positively impact physical and mental health, which can be addressed by effective spiritual tools. This review systematically evaluates general spirituality instruments retrieved from various databases. Among the top four validated tools with strong psychometric properties, each exhibited a limitation-such as contamination, absence of subscales, or lack of confirmatory factor analysis-which impacts their broader applicability. Furthermore, these tools don't adequately address the widespread mental health issues in society. Therefore, spirituality scales incorporating domains such as meditation, surrender, and detached action with connection to transcendence awareness are proposed. Linking to neural imaging of brain functions, these tools can scientifically address mental health challenges across diverse cultural contexts.

Keywords: Mental health; Psychometric validation; Quality of life; Spiritual assessment; Spirituality.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing Interests: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

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