Stem cells and bio scaffolds for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases: new insights

Abstract

Mortality and morbidity from cardiovascular diseases are common worldwide. In order to improve survival and quality of life for this patient population, extensive efforts are being made to establish effective therapeutic modalities. New treatment options are needed, it seems. In addition to treating cardiovascular diseases, cell therapy is one of the most promising medical platforms. One of the most effective therapeutic approaches in this area is stem cell therapy. In stem cell biology, multipotent stem cells and pluripotent stem cells are divided into two types. There is evidence that stem cell therapy could be used as a therapeutic approach for cardiovascular diseases based on multiple lines of evidence. The effectiveness of stem cell therapies in humans has been studied in several clinical trials. In spite of the challenges associated with stem cell therapy, it appears that resolving them may lead to stem cells being used in cardiovascular disease patients. This may be an effective therapeutic approach. By mounting these stem cells on biological scaffolds, their effect can be enhanced.

Keywords: bio scaffold; cardiovascular heart disease; cell therapy; heart failure; stem cell.

FIGURE 1

Stem cells and bio scaffolds for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

FIGURE 2

Types of stem cells which are used in regeneration and repair of organs.

FIGURE 3

This figure covers the recent development in the use of engineered electroconductive tissues for in vivo cardiac regeneration applications. We will discuss the prospects and challenges of each approach and provide our viewpoints on possible paths for enhanced cTE using different types of nanomaterials including gold nanoparticles (GNPs), silicon-derived nanomaterials, carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs), as well as electroconductive polymers (ECPs) (Esmaeili et al., 2022).

FIGURE 4

Application of conductive polymers in nanomedicine (Jalilinejad et al., 2023).

FIGURE 5

(A) Nanoscale representation, scaling from pig heart to single cells and intracellular organelles, which contain NPs. (B) Diagram of medication delivery methods. NPs offer several benefits over systemic drug administration, including tailored release and dose reduction, due to their many functional blocks (Cassani et al., 2020).