Current Analytical Methods and Challenges for the Clinical Diagnosis of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis Infection

doi:10.3390/jof10120829

Review

. 2024 Nov 28;10(12):829.

doi: 10.3390/jof10120829.

Current Analytical Methods and Challenges for the Clinical Diagnosis of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis Infection

Madeline C R Schwarz¹, Alex E Moskaluk^{2

3}, Joshua B Daniels², Sue VandeWoude², Melissa M Reynolds^{1

4

5}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1801 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
² Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1619 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
³ Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada.
⁴ Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, 1370 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
⁵ School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, 1376 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.

PMID: 39728325
PMCID: PMC11676737
DOI: 10.3390/jof10120829

Review

Current Analytical Methods and Challenges for the Clinical Diagnosis of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis Infection

Madeline C R Schwarz et al. J Fungi (Basel). 2024.

. 2024 Nov 28;10(12):829.

doi: 10.3390/jof10120829.

Authors

Madeline C R Schwarz¹, Alex E Moskaluk^{2

3}, Joshua B Daniels², Sue VandeWoude², Melissa M Reynolds^{1

4

5}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1801 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
² Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1619 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
³ Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada.
⁴ Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, 1370 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
⁵ School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, 1376 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.

PMID: 39728325
PMCID: PMC11676737
DOI: 10.3390/jof10120829

Abstract

In the last decade, pulmonary fungal infections such as invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) have increased in incidence due to the increased number of immunocompromised individuals. This increase is especially problematic when considering mortality rates associated with IPA are upwards of 70%. This high mortality rate is due to, in part, the length of time it takes to diagnose a patient with IPA. When diagnosed early, mortality rates of IPA decrease by as much as 30%. In this review, we discuss current technologies employed in both medical and research laboratories to diagnose IPA, including culture, imaging, polymerase chain reaction, peptide nucleic acid-fluorescence in situ hybridization, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, lateral flow assay, and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. For each technique, we discuss both promising results and potential areas for improvement that would lead to decreased diagnosis time for patients suspected of contracting IPA. Further study into methods that offer increased speed and both analytical and clinical sensitivity to decrease diagnosis time for IPA is warranted.

Keywords: diagnosis; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; high-pressure liquid chromatography mass spectrometry; invasive pulmonary aspergillosis; peptide nucleic acid–fluorescence in situ hybridization; polymerase chain reaction.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Generic structure of *Aspergillosis* sp.

**Figure 2**
General scheme for sandwich ELISA signal detections—an antigen is added to an antibody captured on the surface of the ELISA. Then, a labeled antibody is added. When the molecule of interest (substrate) is added to the labeled antibody, a signal is produced.

**Figure 3**
General schematic for PNA-FISH. First, the cell undergoes permeabilization and the RNA is fixated. Second, the target RNA is hybridized with the PNA probe. Third, excess probes are washed from the cells. Finally, the cells are detected using epifluorescence microscopy.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. Fröhlich-Nowoisky J., Pickersgill D.A., Després V.R., Pöschl U. High Diversity of Fungi in Air Particulate Matter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2009;106:12814–12819. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0811003106. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Veríssimo C. Environmental Mycology in Public Health: Fungi and Mycotoxins Risk Assessment and Management. Academic Press; Cambridge, MA, USA: 2015. Aspergillosis; pp. 27–34.
1. Bongomin F., Gago S., Oladele R., Denning D. Global and Multi-National Prevalence of Fungal Diseases—Estimate Precision. J. Fungi. 2017;3:57. doi: 10.3390/jof3040057. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Samson R.A., Visagie C.M., Houbraken J., Hong S.-B., Hubka V., Klaassen C.H.W., Perrone G., Seifert K.A., Susca A., Tanney J.B., et al. Phylogeny, Identification and Nomenclature of the Genus Aspergillus. Stud. Mycol. 2014;78:141–173. doi: 10.1016/j.simyco.2014.07.004. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Samanta I. Veterinary Mycology. Springer; New Delhi, India: 2015. Cutaneous, Subcutaneous and Systemic Mycology; pp. 32–43.

Publication types

Actions

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
- MDPI
- PubMed Central

[1] Fröhlich-Nowoisky J., Pickersgill D.A., Després V.R., Pöschl U. High Diversity of Fungi in Air Particulate Matter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2009;106:12814–12819. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0811003106. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[2] Fröhlich-Nowoisky J., Pickersgill D.A., Després V.R., Pöschl U. High Diversity of Fungi in Air Particulate Matter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2009;106:12814–12819. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0811003106. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[3] Veríssimo C. Environmental Mycology in Public Health: Fungi and Mycotoxins Risk Assessment and Management. Academic Press; Cambridge, MA, USA: 2015. Aspergillosis; pp. 27–34.

[4] Veríssimo C. Environmental Mycology in Public Health: Fungi and Mycotoxins Risk Assessment and Management. Academic Press; Cambridge, MA, USA: 2015. Aspergillosis; pp. 27–34.

[5] Bongomin F., Gago S., Oladele R., Denning D. Global and Multi-National Prevalence of Fungal Diseases—Estimate Precision. J. Fungi. 2017;3:57. doi: 10.3390/jof3040057. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[6] Bongomin F., Gago S., Oladele R., Denning D. Global and Multi-National Prevalence of Fungal Diseases—Estimate Precision. J. Fungi. 2017;3:57. doi: 10.3390/jof3040057. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[7] Samson R.A., Visagie C.M., Houbraken J., Hong S.-B., Hubka V., Klaassen C.H.W., Perrone G., Seifert K.A., Susca A., Tanney J.B., et al. Phylogeny, Identification and Nomenclature of the Genus Aspergillus. Stud. Mycol. 2014;78:141–173. doi: 10.1016/j.simyco.2014.07.004. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[8] Samson R.A., Visagie C.M., Houbraken J., Hong S.-B., Hubka V., Klaassen C.H.W., Perrone G., Seifert K.A., Susca A., Tanney J.B., et al. Phylogeny, Identification and Nomenclature of the Genus Aspergillus. Stud. Mycol. 2014;78:141–173. doi: 10.1016/j.simyco.2014.07.004. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[9] Samanta I. Veterinary Mycology. Springer; New Delhi, India: 2015. Cutaneous, Subcutaneous and Systemic Mycology; pp. 32–43.

[10] Samanta I. Veterinary Mycology. Springer; New Delhi, India: 2015. Cutaneous, Subcutaneous and Systemic Mycology; pp. 32–43.

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

Current Analytical Methods and Challenges for the Clinical Diagnosis of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis Infection

Affiliations

Current Analytical Methods and Challenges for the Clinical Diagnosis of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis Infection

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

Similar articles

References

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

Similar articles

References

Publication types

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources