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. 2024 Dec 28;14(1):31051.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-82273-2.

Robustic and hybrid cobalt doped BaFe12O19 hexaferrites for the photocatalytic degradation of Congo Red for wastewater treatment

Himanshi  1 , Subbulakshmi Ganesan  2 , Piyus Kumar Pathak  3 , M D Ramesh  4 , Jahangeer Ahmed  5 , Suman  6 , Ankit Verma  7 , Chan Choon Kit  8 , Natrayan Lakshmaiya  9 , Rohit Jasrotia  10   11   12   13
Affiliations

Robustic and hybrid cobalt doped BaFe12O19 hexaferrites for the photocatalytic degradation of Congo Red for wastewater treatment

Himanshi et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

The industrial sector faces a significant challenge in finding the highly effective and efficient treatments for harmful dye-based color effluents. In this study, pure and cobalt doped barium hexaferrite of chemical formula, Ba1-xCoxFe12O19 (x = 0-0.06) are made via sol-gel auto-combustion (SC) methodology. These nano hexaferrite based catalysts are employed for the photodegradation of Congo Red (CR) pollutant. X-rays diffraction investigation confirms the creation of pristine M-type with a hexagonal structure for the prepared hexaferrites. Field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis shows the existence of the hexagonal-shaped grains with well-defined grain boundaries. The reduction in the band gap of prepared hexaferrites are observed with the cobalt doping which is helpful in enhancing the photocatalytic performance. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy examination verifies the oxidation states of all elements found in the fabricated specimens. From the photocatalytic measurements, it is observed that the CR dye attains the removal percentage of 87.90%, 90.73%, 91.86% and 94.88% for the BaFe12O19 (x = 0.00), Ba0.08Co0.02Fe12O19 (x = 0.02), Ba0.06Co0.04Fe12O19 (x = 0.04), and Ba0.04Co0.06Fe12O19 (x = 0.06) hexaferrites under the natural sunlight of two hours. In addition, the reusability potential of prepared hexaferrites is also studied over the six consecutive experimental cycles. The excellent photodegradation performance of the Co- doped barium M-type hexaferrites for the removal of CR dye makes them highly useful for the wastewater remediation.

Keywords: BaFe12O19; Congo Red; Photocatalysis; Reusability; Water purification.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Schematic representation of the production of Ba1-xCoxFe12O19 (x = 0.00–0.06) hexaferrites.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
(a) XRD plots (b) Alteration in “D” and strain with doping of Co in the prepared hexaferrites.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Rietveld refined XRD plots of prepared Ba1-xCoxFe12O19 (x = 0.00–0.06) hexaferrites.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
FESEM, Grain size graph, and EDX of sample BCF1, BCF2, and BCF4 samples.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Absorbance spectra of Ba1-xCoxFe12O19 (x = 0.00–0.06) hexaferrites.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Tauc plots of Ba1-xCoxFe12O19 (x = 0.00–0.06) hexaferrites.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
(a) FTIR (b) Raman spectral data of Ba1-xCoxFe12O19 (x = 0.00–0.06) hexaferrites.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
(a) XPS spectra of BCF1 sample (b) Ba3d peak analysis for BCF1 (c) Fe2p peak analysis for BCF1 (d) O1s peak analysis for BCF1 (e) C1s peak analysis for BCF1.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
(a) XPS spectra of BCF2 sample (b) Ba3d peak analysis for BCF2 (c) Fe2p peak analysis for BCF2 (d) O1s peak analysis for BCF1 (e) Co2p peak analysis for BCF2 (f) C1s peak analysis for BCF2.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
(a) XPS spectra of BCF4 sample (b) Ba3d peak analysis for BCF4 (c) Fe2p peak analysis for BCF4 (d) O1s peak analysis for BCF4 (e) Co2p peak analysis for BCF4 (f) C1s peak analysis for BCF4.
Fig. 11
Fig. 11
BET analysis of BCF1 and BCF3 hexaferrites.
Fig. 12
Fig. 12
(a) M-H loops (b) Zoom view of Hc and Mr (c) Variation of magnetic parameters (Ms, Hc, Mr, nB) (d) M vs 1/H2 plots for the prepared hexaferrites.
Fig. 13
Fig. 13
Effect of initial pH on the performance of developed Ba1-xCoxFe12O19 (x = 0.00–0.06) catalysts into CR dye degradation.
Fig. 14
Fig. 14
Effect of catalyst dosages on the performance of Ba1-xCoxFe12O19 (x = 0.00–0.06) catalysts into CR dye degradation.
Fig. 15
Fig. 15
(a) Photocatalytic degradation curve for the degradation of CR dye by prepared catalysts or in the absence of the catalyst, (b) ln (Co/Ct) vs time plot for the CR dye degradation with the help of prepared Ba1-xCoxFe12O19 (x = 0.00–0.06) catalysts.
Fig. 16
Fig. 16
Photocatalytic mechanism of Ba1-xCoxFe12O19 (x = 0.00–0.06) catalysts for the removal of CR dye.
Fig. 17
Fig. 17
Reusability analysis upto six cycles to evaluate the durability and reliability of Ba1-xCoxFe12O19 (x = 0.00–0.06) catalysts.
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