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Review
. 2024 Dec 27;20(Suppl 3):74.
doi: 10.1186/s13223-024-00923-6.

Allergic rhinitis

Lana Rosenfield  1 , Paul K Keith  2 , Jaclyn Quirt  2 , Peter Small  3 , Anne K Ellis  4
Affiliations
Review

Allergic rhinitis

Lana Rosenfield et al. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. .

Abstract

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common disorder that is strongly linked to asthma and conjunctivitis. Classic symptoms include nasal congestion, nasal itch, rhinorrhea and sneezing. A thorough history, physical examination and assessment of allergen sensitization are important for establishing the diagnosis of AR. Intranasal corticosteroids and second-generation antihistamines are the mainstay of treatment. Allergen immunotherapy is an effective immune-modulating treatment for use in addition to or as an alternative to pharmacologic therapy. This article provides an overview on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and appropriate management of AR.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethics approval and consent to participate are not applicable to this review article. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: L. Rosenfield has received honoraria from Miravo, Regeneron and the CSACI and has been a member of an advisory board or speaker’s bureau for ALK. PK Keith has participated in advisory boards for ALK-Abello, AstraZeneca, Bausch Health, CSL Behring, GlaxoSmithKline, LEO Pharma, Miravo, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi, Takeda and Valeo. He has been a speaker for ALK-Abello, Bausch, GlaxoSmithKline, Medexus, Novartis, and Sanofi. His institution has received research grants from CSL Behring and Takeda. He has also served as a consultant to Bayer LLC, CADTH, and the Canadian Pharmacists Association. J. Quirt has participated in advisory boards for Aralez and Sanofi. A.K. Ellis has participated in advisory boards for ALK-Abello, AstraZeneca, Bausch Health, LEO Pharma, Miravo, Merck, Novartis, has been a speaker for ALK-Abello, AstraZeneca, Bausch, Miravo, Medexus, Mylan, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, StallergenesGreer and Regeneron. Her institution has received research grants from ALK Abello, Aralez, AstraZeneca, Bayer LLC, Medexus, Novartis, Sanofi and Regeneron. She has also served as an independent consultant to Bayer LLC, Pharming, and Regeneron. P. Small has nothing to disclose.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Classification of AR according to symptom duration and severity (Adapted from Small et al. [1], Bousquet et al. [9])
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
A simplified, stepwise algorithm for the treatment of AR. The choice of therapeutic intervention should be a shared decision-making process involving both the patient and the prescriber, with importance placed on balancing factors such as disease severity, therapy safety, and cost. IgE immunoglobulin E (Reproduced from Ellis et al. 2024 [7])
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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    1. Dykewicz MS, Hamilos DL. Rhinitis and sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125:S103-115. - PubMed
    1. Small P, Keith PK, Kim H. Allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2018;14(Suppl 2):51. - PMC - PubMed

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