Dietary and lifestyle oxidative balance score was negatively associated with the risk of diabetic kidney disease: NHANES 2005-2020

Abstract

Aims: There is a potential association between oxidative stress and the development of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). The Oxidative Balance Score (OBS), derived from dietary and lifestyle factors, acts as a comprehensive marker of oxidative stress. Research examining the relationship between OBS and DKD is scarce. This study aims to evaluate the association between OBS and the risk of DKD among U.S. adults.

Methods: This study enrolled 6,725 eligible participants from the U.S. population through the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005-2020). Patients with DKD were defined as those with diabetes who had a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g and/or an estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m². The OBS consists of 20 composite scores derived from dietary and lifestyle factors. To assess the potential relationship between OBS and DKD, weighted logistic regression and restricted cubic spline statistical approaches were employed.

Results: The risk of DKD was inversely correlated with OBS, dietary OBS, and lifestyle OBS (p < 0.05). Compared to the lowest quartile of OBS, the adjusted odds ratios (OR) for OBS, lifestyle OBS and dietary OBS, and DKD in the highest quartile were 0.58 (95% CI: 0.48-0.70), 0.64 (95% CI: 0.51-0.81), and 0.57 (95% CI: 0.46-0.70), respectively. A substantial nonlinear relationship between lifestyle OBS and DKD was identified using the RCS curve (p for nonlinearity = 0.0081), which appeared as an inverted 'L' shape. Using the two-piecewise logistic regression model, a turning point in lifestyle OBS was identified at a score of 3 (p < 0.001).

Conclusions: Among the American population, OBS and DKD are significantly negatively correlated, suggesting that maintaining a higher OBS may reduce the risk of developing DKD.

Keywords: DKD; Dietary; Lifestyle; NHANES; Oxidative balance score.

Fig. 1

Flowchart of the sample selection from NHANES 2005–2020

Fig. 2

Association between OBS and DKD risk in patients with diabetes. a OBS and DKD risk (p for nonlinear = 0.4847); b Dietary OBS and DKD risk (p for nonlinear = 0.1072); c Lifestyle OBS and DKD risk (p for nonlinear = 0.0081). Adjusted for sex, age, ethnicity, income-to-poverty ratio, smoking status, drinking status, the presence of hypertension, cardiovascular events, HbA1c levels, and BMI. The solid line and red area represent the estimated values and their corresponding 95% CIs, respectively