Comparing virtual reality and balance training effects on postural strategies during ball kicking in soccer players with chronic ankle instability

Abstract

The study aimed to determine if virtual reality (VR) games could enhance neuromuscular control and improve anticipatory and compensatory strategies in ball-kicking for soccer players. It was a single-blind randomized clinical trial involving 32 male soccer players with chronic ankle instability. Participants were divided into two groups: VR games and balance training. The primary outcomes measured were the amplitude and onset time of muscle activities in the peroneus longus (PL), tibialis anterior (TA), soleus (SOL), rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), and gluteus medius (GM) in three phases: anticipatory (APA), compensatory 1 (CPA1), and compensatory 2 (CPA2). Secondary outcomes included the Y-balance test and perceived ankle instability. Evaluations were done before and after treatment. Both groups underwent 12 sessions, three times a week, each lasting 60 min. In the VR games group, there was a significant decrease in SOL muscle activity amplitude during CPA2 after treatment (P = 0.033), and the BF muscle activated earlier (P = 0.043). The balance training group showed a significant increase in GM muscle activity amplitude during APA (P = 0.037) and earlier activation of the GM muscle post-treatment (P = 0.050). Additionally, this group demonstrated significant decreases in RF activity during CPA1 and PL activity in CPA1 and CPA2 (P = 0.048, P = 0.030, and P = 0.050, respectively). Between-group comparisons indicated a significant increase in GM muscle activity amplitude during APA and a reduction during CPA1 for the balance training group compared to the VR games group (P = 0.050 and P = 0.012, respectively). Both groups showed significant reductions in perceived ankle instability (VR group: P = 0.002, balance training group: P < 0.001) and improvements on the Y-balance test (VR group: P < 0.021, balance training group: P < 0.033), although neither group showed significant improvement in the anterior direction. Overall, both VR games and balance training effectively enhanced perceived ankle stability and dynamic postural control, with neither approach showing clear superiority. Both groups exhibited improvements in muscle activation timing, though neither outperformed the other. While both interventions led to increased muscle activity amplitude during the anticipatory and compensatory phases, the balance training group achieved somewhat greater improvements. These results suggest that both VR games and balance training are effective rehabilitation approaches for chronic ankle instability, providing comparable benefits for enhancing ankle stability and neuromuscular control, without a distinct advantage of one over the other.RCT Registration: On the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20230124057197N1). Registration date: 30/06/2023.

Keywords: Ankle instability; Balance; Feed forward; Feedback; Video game.

Fig. 1

The CONSORT flowchart.

Fig. 2

Ball-kicking test.

Fig. 3

Trends in muscle activity during the APA, CPA1, and CPA2 phases across both groups. NIEMG Normalized Integrals of Electromyography Activity, GM Gluteus Medius, BF Biceps Femoris, RF Rectus Femoris, SOL Soleus, TA Tibialis Anterior, PL Peroneus Longus, APA Anticipatory Postural Adjustment, CPA Compensatory Postural Adjustment.

Fig. 4

Trends in muscle activation timing across both groups. GM Gluteus Medius, BF Biceps Femoris, RF Rectus Femoris, SOL Soleus, TA Tibialis Anterior, PL Peroneus Longus.