Screening of native wild Salvia nemorosa populations for chemical compositions, antioxidant activity and UHPLC-HRMS profiling

Abstract

In this study, screening of the collected 70 Salvia nemorosa L. populations from 54 habitats from West Azerbaijan province, Iran was evaluated by analyzing the content of phytochemical compounds, antioxidant activity, and UHPLC-HRMS profiling in different populations. The aerial parts of the plants were analyzed based on total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC), total tannin (TTC), ascorbic acid (AAC), chlorophylls (Cla, and Clb), total carotenoid (TCC), β-carotene, antioxidant activity (by DPPH and FRAP assays), and 40 polyphenolic compounds by UHPLC-HRMS (phenolic acids, flavonoids and fatty acyl glicosides). Significant variations in phytochemical compositions and antioxidant activity were observed among S. nemorosa samples from different habitats. Rosmarinic acid, sagerinic acid, and caffeoylquinic acids (notable polyphenolic compounds with significant pharmacological properties, particularly in the context of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and enzyme inhibitory activities) were identified as the major compounds in S. nemorosa populations. According to hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) three groups of species were identified based on phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity. Data analysis indicated that the quality and quantity of the chemical compounds, as well as their antioxidant functions, varied depending on habitat diversity. Overall, the results showed that each population exhibited a unique class of polyphenols, highlighting diverse potential applications across various industries. These findings suggest that the S. nemorosa populations studied here have significant potential for the development of innovative nutraceuticals, addressing the current scarcity of S. nemorosa-derived products in the market.

Keywords: Salvia nemorosa; Antioxidant; Flavonoids; Phenolic compounds; UHPLC-HRMS.

Fig. 1

(A) Geographical location of West Azerbaijan. (B) Regions of the West Azerbaijan Province. (C) Satellite image (created with Google Earth V 7.3.6.9796) of West Azerbaijan Province showing 3 distinct collection areas where Salvia samples were picked.

Fig. 2

Correlation analysis between phytochemical properties of Salvia nemoresa L (Positive and negative correlations are shown in blue and red colors respectively. The color intensity is proportional to the correlation coefficients.): TPC: Total Phenol Content, TFC: Total Flavonoid Content, AAC: Ascorbic Acid Content, TTC: Total Tannin Content, DPPH: Antioxidant Activity (DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay), FRAP: Antioxidant Activity (Ferric reducing antioxidant power).

Fig. 3

Dendrogram of hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) or the heatmap of phytochemical properties of Salvia nemoresa L. plants grown in 70 different habitats. TPC: Total Phenol Content, TFC: Total Flavonoid Content, AAC: Ascorbic Acid Content, TTC: Total Tannin Content, DPPH: Antioxidant Activity (DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay), FRAP: Antioxidant Activity (Ferric reducing antioxidant power).