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Review
. 2025 Mar;102(3):344-354.
doi: 10.1111/cen.15188. Epub 2024 Dec 30.

Managing Hypoglycaemia in Patients With Insulinoma-A Tertiary Centre Experience and Review of the Literature

Sophie Howarth  1   2 , Tak-Wai Ho  2   3 , James Wimbury  2   3 , Ruth Casey  2   4
Affiliations
Review

Managing Hypoglycaemia in Patients With Insulinoma-A Tertiary Centre Experience and Review of the Literature

Sophie Howarth et al. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2025 Mar.

Abstract

The management of hypoglycaemia is pivotal in the care of patients with insulinoma. Blood glucose monitoring and regulation needs careful attention pre- and peri-operatively for patients undergoing surgical resection and as part of the long-term management for patients with inoperable or metastatic disease. Hypoglycaemia symptoms are frequently pervasive and disabling, with many patients showing impaired hypoglycaemia awareness that can lead to life-threatening severe hypoglycaemia. Herein, we review the literature and describe our tertiary centre experience in the mutli-disciplinary management of hypoglycaemia for patients with proven insulinomas. We propose a stepwise algorithm for the management of hypoglycaemia, stratified by localised versus metastatic disease. We discuss our strategy for the nutritional management of hypoglycaemia, reviewing the evidence for the use of cornstarch products and artificial nutrition. We discuss pharmacological management including diazoxide, somatostatin receptor antagonists (SSAs), everolimus and glucocorticoids, in addition to other therapeutic interventions such as peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) and endoscopic ablation.

Keywords: 177Lu‐DOTATATE; diazoxide; everolimus; hypoglycaemia; insulinoma; neuroendocrine tumour; peptide receptor radionuclide therapy; somatostatin analogue.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Continuous glucose monitoring data pre and post peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Proposed algorithm for the step‐wise management of hypoglycaemia in patients with insulinoma. IR, interventional radiology; IV, intravenous; PRRT, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy; SSA, somatostatin analogue; TACE, transarterial chemo‐embolisation.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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