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. 2025 Jan 2;15(1):3.
doi: 10.1186/s13568-024-01813-1.

Pharmacological activities and phytochemical evaluation of coconut crude oil and upon exposure to ozone

Mohammed S Almuhayawi  1 , Mohammed H Alruhaili  2   3 , Muyassar K Tarabulsi  4 , Soad K Al Jaouni  5 , Abdulmajeed A Alqurashi  6 , Faisal A Alraddadi  6 , Duaa A Bukhari  6 , Hibah M Albasri  6 , Moayad S Waznah  6 , Samy Selim  7
Affiliations

Pharmacological activities and phytochemical evaluation of coconut crude oil and upon exposure to ozone

Mohammed S Almuhayawi et al. AMB Express. .

Abstract

Coconut oil is eatable oil with many nutritional and cosmetic applications. In this investigation coconut oil was subjected to 0 to 5 L/min of ozone for 3 h and the chemical composition of both crude and ozonized oil was valued via Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Some biological tests were done including antibacterial action versus Helicobacter pylori, anti-biofilm activity versus H. pylori, anti-hemolytic activity in the existence of H. pylori, anti-Alzheimer action, and cytotoxic effect towards A-413 cancer cell line to determine the activity of coconut oil and upon exposure to ozone. Fifteen compounds were detected in the coconut oil crude and ozonized oils where the fatty acid esters were the most common molecules in crude coconut oil, whereas alkenes were the most predominant compounds in ozonized coconut oil. A slight elevation of antibacterial action towards H. pylori from 23.0 ± 0.1 to 28.2 ± 0.5 mm was displayed upon exposure of the coconut oil to ozone. Both crude and ozonized coconut oil showed a bactericidal effect with MICs = 62.5 ± 0.1, 125.0 ± 0.2 µg/mL and MBCs = 15.62 ± 0.2, 31.25 0.2 µg/mL for crude and ozonized oil, respectively. A significant elevation in anti-biofilm activity was found upon using 25% of MBCs of ozonized oil relative to crude oil. A dramatic rise was observed in anti-hemolytic activity upon using 25 and 75% of MICs of ozonized oil relative to crude one. A notable elevation of anti-Alzheimer impact was evident upon exposing coconut oil to ozone. Besides, the cytotoxic impact towards A-431 cells was slightly increased after exposing the oil to ozone. The current results suggest a new technique to expose coconut oil to ozone to improve some of its in vitro pharmaceutical applications.

Keywords: H. pylori; Anti-Alzheimer; Anti-hemolytic; Coconut; Gas chromatography; Ozone.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
GC- MS showing separation of various compounds in (A) Crude coconut oil, (B) Ozonized coconut oil
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Antimicrobial action of (A) Standard drug; (B) Crude coconut oil; and (c) Ozonized coconut oil towards H. pylori (Data are illustrated as means ± SD)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Comparison of MIC, MBC and MIC/MBC upon using crude and ozonized oil of coconut oil relative to control (clarithromycin) (outcomes are drawn as means ± SD)
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Anti-biofilm action (%) towards H. pylori upon applying 25, 50 and 75% of MBC of crude (UTO) and ozonized (TO) coconut oil (results are illustrated as means ± SD) (A) with the stained plate
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Anti-hemolytic action upon applying 25, 50 and 75% of MIC of crude and ozonized coconut oil (results are illustrated as means ± SD)
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Anti-Alzheimer of crude and ozonized coconut oil compared to rivastigmine as a standard drug (results are illustrated as means ± SD)
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
(A) A regular monolayer A431 control cells; (B) A431 cells treated by various levels of crude coconut oil and (C) A431 cells subjected to different concentrations of ozonized coconut oil. (D) Comparing between impact of crude coconut oil and after exposing to O3 on toxicity % towards A-431 cells at different levels of oils. (E) Comparing between impact of crude coconut oil and after exposing to O3 on viability % of A431- cells at different concentrations of oils
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