Electro-chemo-mechanics of anode-free solid-state batteries

Stephanie Elizabeth Sandoval^#^{1

2

3}, Catherine G Haslam^#^{3

4}, Bairav S Vishnugopi^{3

5}, Daniel W Liao^{3

6}, Jeong Seop Yoon^{3

6}, Se Hwan Park^{3

7}, Yixian Wang^{3

8}, David Mitlin^{3

8

9}, Kelsey B Hatzell^{3

7

10}, Donald J Siegel^{3

8

9

11}, Partha P Mukherjee^{3

5}, Neil P Dasgupta^{3

4

6}, Jeff Sakamoto^{3

4

6

12

13}, Matthew T McDowell^{14

15

16}

Affiliations

¹ School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
² G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
³ MUSIC DOE Energy Frontier Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
⁴ Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
⁵ School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
⁶ Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
⁷ Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
⁸ Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
⁹ Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
¹¹ Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
¹² Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
¹³ Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
¹⁴ School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. mattmcdowell@gatech.edu.
¹⁵ G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. mattmcdowell@gatech.edu.
¹⁶ MUSIC DOE Energy Frontier Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. mattmcdowell@gatech.edu.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 39748055
DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-02055-z

Review

Electro-chemo-mechanics of anode-free solid-state batteries

Stephanie Elizabeth Sandoval et al. Nat Mater. 2025 May.

. 2025 May;24(5):673-681.

doi: 10.1038/s41563-024-02055-z. Epub 2025 Jan 2.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
² G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
³ MUSIC DOE Energy Frontier Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
⁴ Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
⁵ School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
⁶ Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
⁷ Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
⁸ Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
⁹ Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
¹¹ Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
¹² Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
¹³ Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
¹⁴ School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. mattmcdowell@gatech.edu.
¹⁵ G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. mattmcdowell@gatech.edu.
¹⁶ MUSIC DOE Energy Frontier Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. mattmcdowell@gatech.edu.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 39748055
DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-02055-z

Abstract

Anode-free solid-state batteries contain no active material at the negative electrode in the as-manufactured state, yielding high energy densities for use in long-range electric vehicles. The mechanisms governing charge-discharge cycling of anode-free batteries are largely controlled by electro-chemo-mechanical phenomena at solid-solid interfaces, and there are important mechanistic differences when compared with conventional lithium-excess batteries. This Perspective provides an overview of the factors governing lithium nucleation, growth, stripping and cycling in anode-free solid-state batteries, including mechanical deformation of lithium, the chemical and mechanical properties of the current collector, microstructural effects, and stripping dynamics. Pathways for engineering interfaces to maximize performance and extend battery lifetime are discussed. We end with critical research questions to pursue, including understanding behaviour at low stack pressure, tailoring interphase growth, and engineering current collectors and interlayers.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

References

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Electro-chemo-mechanics of anode-free solid-state batteries

Affiliations

Electro-chemo-mechanics of anode-free solid-state batteries

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

References

Publication types

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources