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. 2025 Jan 2;26(1):2.
doi: 10.1186/s40360-024-00833-8.

Cerebrovascular accident and essential and toxic metals: cluster analysis and principal component analysis

Hossein Nezami  1 , Alireza Kooshki  2 , Habibollah Esmaily  1   3 , Mohamadjavad Sanjari  2 , Zahra Ahmadi  2   4 , Mahmood Sadeghi  5 , Seyed Mohammad Mosavi Mirzaei  6   7
Affiliations

Cerebrovascular accident and essential and toxic metals: cluster analysis and principal component analysis

Hossein Nezami et al. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. .

Abstract

Background: Cerebrovascular accidents are known as a great cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although there are known risk factors for ischemic stroke, the cases that cannot be justified with these risk factors are increasing. Toxic metals as a potential risk factor for other diseases in humans are assessed in this study in the CVA group and compared to controls.

Method: 70 participants (35 each group) have been selected for this study. The group with recent medical history of documented CVA and a control non-CVA group. The serum level of several metals has been assessed using Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. principal components and cluster analyses were employed to compare toxic metal toxicity between the groups.

Results: Cu (p < 0.001) and Pb (p = 0.002) levels were significantly higher in the CVA group whereas Ni (0.003) were significantly lower. There was no significant difference between the smoking (p = 0.56) and opium (p = 0.46) use between these groups. Most of the essential metals were positively correlated with each other in both groups (Ni with Fe, Zn; Fe with Zn with r over 0.6). there was also PCA and CA are crucial in and cluster analysis in which Ni, Fe, and Zn were most similarly correlated in both groups.

Conclusion: we found a complex interaction between toxic metals in the healthy and CVA human body. Due to the lack of data on in vivo interaction of these metals even in healthy individuals, further investigation is needed to evaluate the exact mechanism of such relations.

Keywords: Cerebrovascular accidents; Cobalt; Iron; Ischemic stroke; Lead; Manganese; Mercury; Nickle; Zinc.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethical approval: The study involving human subjects, ethics approval, and consent to participate, was carried out by the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant guidelines in Birjand University of Medical Science. The Birjand University of Medical Science Ethics Committee approved all experimental protocols (IR.BUMS.REC.1399.072). Human ethics and consent to participate declarations: Informed consent to participate was obtained from all of the participants in the study. All participants received written full description of the study’s process and requested data have confidentially encoded and collected. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Clinical trial number: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
A The relationship between toxic metals in the CVA group. B The relationship between toxic metals in the control group
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
A Principal component analysis for toxic metals in the CVA group. B Principal component analysis for toxic metals in the control group
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
A Cluster analysis for toxic metals CVA group. B Cluster analysis for toxic metals in the control group
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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