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. 2025 May;26(3-4):192-202.
doi: 10.1080/21678421.2024.2435969. Epub 2025 Jan 3.

Determinants and progression of stigma in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease

Carolyn A Young  1   2 , Amina Chaouch  3 , Christopher J Mcdermott  4 , Ammar Al-Chalabi  5 , Suresh K Chhetri  6 , Caroline Bidder  7 , Elizabeth Edmonds  8 , Cathy Ellis  9 , Joe Annadale  10 , Lisa Wilde  11 , Basil Sharrack  12 , Andrea Malaspina  13 , Oliver Leach  14 , Roger Mills  1   2 , Alan Tennant  15
Affiliations

Determinants and progression of stigma in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease

Carolyn A Young et al. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2025 May.

Abstract

Objective: Stigma in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neurone disease (ALS/MND) may be felt or enacted; felt stigma covers feeling devalued by the illness, whereas enacted stigma refers to being treated differently because of it. Stigma in ALS/MND has been shown to increase social withdrawal, worsen quality of life, and reduce use of assistive devices, so we explored prevalence and factors influencing stigma. Methods: Participants in the Trajectories of Outcome in Neurological Conditions-ALS study completed scales measuring stigma, fatigue, spasticity, functioning, mood, worry, self-esteem, and perceived health, as well as demographic information and symptoms like head drop or emotional lability. Following transformation to interval-scale estimates, data were analyzed by regression, structural equation modeling, and trajectory models. Results: Stigma was experienced by 83.5% of 1059 respondents. Worry, disease severity (King's stage ≥ 3), emotional lability, fatigue, spasticity, and bulbar onset increase stigma. In contrast, increasing age, living with spouse/partner, and greater self-esteem were associated with reduced stigma. Trajectory analysis over 30 months (N = 1049) showed three groups, the largest (70.2%) had high levels of stigma which significantly increased during follow-up. In a recently diagnosed subset of 347 participants, stigma was experienced early in the disease course (<7 months after diagnosis), and for 77.2% stigma significantly increased over time. Conclusions: Both felt and enacted stigma are frequently perceived by people living with ALS/MND. Younger people and those with bulbar onset, emotional lability, worry, fatigue, and spasticity, or at more advanced clinical stages, are at greater risk.

Keywords: Rasch analysis; TONiC study; patient reported outcomes; stigma.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest. No funding source were involved in the study design, analysis, interpretation of data, or preparation of the manuscript.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Model 1: Exploratory regression and literature guided model—Full sample.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Conceptually driven model: Validation sample.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Trajectories of stigma over time—Full sample (N = 1049).
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Trajectories of stigma over time—Inception group (N = 347).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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