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. 2025 Jan 3;68(1):E17-E31.
doi: 10.1503/cjs.000124. Print 2025 Jan-Feb.

Rurality predisposes departure from gold-standard care, leading to delayed or accelerated access to surgery: insights from a scoping review

Affiliations

Rurality predisposes departure from gold-standard care, leading to delayed or accelerated access to surgery: insights from a scoping review

Alisha Ebrahim et al. Can J Surg. .

Abstract

Background: Because tertiary centres are generally situated at urban sites, it is unclear whether patients in rural areas have the same access to surgical services that patients in urban areas do. We sought to map the North American evidence landscape of how rurality affects access to medically indicated surgeries and identify system-, patient-, and provider-level barriers that preclude urban-comparable care.

Methods: We carried out a systematic search adhering to PRISMA for Scoping Reviews methodology across PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science, encompassing literature from the last 26 years (January 2023). Search terms included "rural population," "health care access," "surgical procedures," and "health disparities." We synthesized our findings using a narrative approach.

Results: Of 13 897 identified studies, we included 71 publications, spanning a wide spectrum of surgical disciplines. Of these, 83% reported diminished and 17% reported accelerated access to surgery, and 30% reported an interaction between rurality with other social determinants of health, particularly age, sex and gender, and race and ethnicity. Of the studies that reported diminished access, top cited reasons included primary and specialist provider density, differences in patients' socioeconomic profiles, and provision of comparable counselling during surgical decisionmaking. Strikingly, a key driver of enhanced surgical access was an absence of specialized medical interventions leading to an overreliance on surgical alternatives.

Conclusion: Whether surgical access was diminished or accelerated, the net impact of rurality was a deviation from guideline-concordant care. A key implication of these findings is that reliance on surgical wait times alone can skew perception of surgical access, advocating for adoption of integrated quality-of-care metrics that better reflect access to comprehensive medical and surgical treatment programs.

Contexte: Étant donné que les centres de soins tertiaires se trouvent généralement en milieu urbain, on peut se demander si l'accès aux services chirurgicaux est le même en région rurale qu'en milieu urbain. Nous avons voulu cartographier, preuve à l'appui, l'impact de la ruralité sur l'accès à des chirurgies médicalement indiquées en Amérique du Nord et identifier les obstacles, propres au système, à la patientèle et aux équipes soignantes, qui nuisent à la prestation des soins équivalents à ceux des milieux urbains. MÉTHODES: Nous avons procédé à une interrogation systématique (conforme à la Norme de réalisation de revue systématique de la littérature PRISMA) des bases de données PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus et Web of Science regroupant la littérature des 26 dernières années (janvier 2023). Les mots clés de langue anglaise utilisés incluaient : « rural population », « health care access », « surgical procedures » et « health disparities ». Nous avons synthétisé nos observations au moyen d'une approche narrative. RÉSULTATS: Des 13 897 études recensées, nous avons retenu 71 publications abordant un vaste éventail de disciplines chirurgicales. Parmi ces publications, 83 % faisaient état d'un accès diminué, 17 % d'un accès plus rapide à la chirurgie, et 30 % d'un lien entre la ruralité et d'autres déterminants sociaux de la santé, notamment l'âge, le sexe et le genre, ainsi que la race et l'ethnicité. Selon les études ayant fait état d'un accès diminué, les principales raisons incluaient la densité des effectifs en médecine primaire et de spécialité, les différences de profils socioéconomiques de la patientèle et l'offre d'un counselling comparable lors du processus décisionnel concernant la chirurgie. À noter, l'un des principaux facteurs d'amélioration de l'accès aux soins chirurgicaux était l'absence d'interventions médicales spécialisées associées à une dépendance indue à l'endroit des solutions chirurgicales.

Conclusion: Que l'accès à la chirurgie ait été diminué ou accéléré, l'impact net de la ruralité a pris la forme d'un écart par rapport aux soins préconisés par les lignes directrices. Ces observations indiquent principalement que la dépendance à l'égard des temps d'attente en chirurgie seule peut fausser la perception quant à l'accès aux soins chirurgicaux, ce qui milite en faveur de l'adoption de paramètres de qualité de soins intégrés qui reflèteraient plus fidèlement l'accès à des programmes de traitements médicaux et chirurgicaux complets.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests:: Alisha Ebrahim, Sarthak Sinha, Ifeoluwa Adedipe, and Abeer Ahmad acknowledge the support of the Department of Distributed Learning and Rural Initiatives, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary (not paid to authors). Aaron Johnston reports receiving travel support from the College of Family Physicians of Canada (CFPC). Dr. Johnston also holds volunteer roles with CFPC and the Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada. No other competing interests were declared.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Overview of the scoping review process and included study characteristics. (A) Modified PRISMA flow diagram illustrating study selection for our scoping review. (B) Temporal trend of included studies by publication year. Trend line depicts an overall increase in the number of published studies up to 2022. (C) Distribution of included studies across various surgical disciplines, ranked by publication count. (D) Social determinants of health represented in the included studies, excluding rurality. (E) Proportion of studies with intersection between rurality and other social determinants of health. OB-GYN = obstetrics and gynecology; SES = socioeconomic status.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Geographic distribution of studies on rurality and surgical access in North America. The figure illustrates geographic distribution of all 71 studies included in the review, depicting the density of research on rurality and surgical access across North America. Each point represents a location where studies were conducted, with the size of the point corresponding to the frequency of studies from that area. Pan–US studies, which cover the entire US, are represented by a blue point.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Latent Dirichlet allocation–driven topic modelling of included abstracts. Bar plots show term importance within topics, while word clouds highlight term frequency. CI = confidence interval.

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