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. 2024 Dec 6;10(24):e41010.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41010. eCollection 2024 Dec 30.

Antioxidant and longevity inducing properties of coconut water on human dermal fibroblasts

Sarun Na Nakorn  1 , Hasaya Dokduang  2   3 , Nisana Namwat  4   2 , Poramate Klanrit  4   2 , Arporn Wangwiwatsin  4   2 , Bundit Promraksa  5 , Sirinya Sitthirak  4   2 , Tinnapat Seaban  1 , Watcharin Loilome  4   2
Affiliations

Antioxidant and longevity inducing properties of coconut water on human dermal fibroblasts

Sarun Na Nakorn et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

Coconut water is a popular drink in tropical countries and worldwide due to its delicious taste, easy consumption and nutritionally rich properties. Our study aimed to identify bioactive compounds of coconut varieties and their antioxidant as well as longevity effects in 2 different groups of coconuts. These include the bleeding coconut varieties, which are currently most available in the market, namely the Ban Phaeo and Ratchaburi coconut varieties, and the traditional coconut varieties, including Kon-jib and Sampran coconut varieties. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) was used to profile the metabolites in coconut water which revealed 27 metabolites including sugar, organic acids, fatty acids, flavonoids and phenolic compounds. A multivariate data analysis demonstrated an organic acid and phenolic metabolites as the antioxidant bioactive metabolites in coconut water. In addition, the coconut varieties had higher antioxidant bioactive metabolites compared to traditional coconut varieties, while traditional coconut varieties had higher sugar levels. Furthermore, the varieties containing higher antioxidants bioactive metabolites were chosen to examine the longevity effect on human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). The results revealed that coconut water can significantly decrease cytosolic oxidation in hydrogen peroxide treated HDFs cell line and mediated longevity of fibroblast cells by modulating the expression of proteins in longevity pathway. Data from our study indicate that coconut water serves as source of antioxidants which can be mediated longevity of dermal cell. Moreover, this study provides the useful information for the coconut water production and distribution business.

Keywords: Antioxidants; Coconut water; Longevity; Metabolomic.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Image 1
Graphical abstract
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
(A) Total phenolic content, (B) Antioxidant assessment of coconut water and (C) DPPH free radical scavenging with Trolox standard from 4 different coconut varieties. Data are represented in means ± SD of three independent experiments (n = 5).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Percentage of cytosolic oxidation in HDFs when combined with H2O2, coconut water and gallic acid. The HDFs cell were treated with 4 different coconut varieties represented in (A) CV1 (B) CV2 (C) CV3 and CV4 coconut varieties. Data are presented as means ± SD of three independent experiments (n = 5). Different letters (∗) indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
A comparison of the metabolic similarities and variations observed in the 4 varieties of coconut water. PCA score plot of A) all coconut water with QC and B) all coconut water form 4 varieties that represent in green, blue, red, and yellow respectively and O-PLS of coconut water (C) CV1 versus CV2 (D) CV1 versus CV3 (E) CV1 versus CV4 (F) CV2 versus CV3 (G) CV2 versus CV4 and (H) CV3 versus CV4.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
(A) The representative 1H NMR spectra of coconut water (Key metabolites: (1) Leucine, (2) Valine Leucine, (3) Ethanol, (4) Lactic acid, (5) Alanine, (6) Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), (7) Oleic acid, (8) Acetic acid, (9) Peracetic acid, (10) D-ribose, (11) Acetone, (12) Malic acid, (13) Succinic acid, (14) Edetic acid, (15) Glucose, (16) Fructose, (17) Sucrose, (18) Genistein, (19) Formate, (20) Caffeic acid, (21) Gallic acid, (22) Coumarin, (23) Guanine, (24) Oxypurinol, (25) Xanthine, (26) Quercetin, and (27) Formic acid (B) The representative 1H NMR spectra of coconut water from 4 different coconut varieties.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Correlation analysis of metabolites and antioxidant of coconut water A) The overall Pearson's correlation between various coconut water metabolites and antioxidant bioactivities. Positive correlations are indicated in shades of red, whereas negative correlations are indicated in shades of blue. B). Heatmaps were and obtained between various coconut varieties between the concentration of metabolites and antioxidant bioactivities from coconut water. Positive (red) or negative (blue) values indicate higher or lower concentrations of the metabolites in either group of comparison.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Effect of coconut water on HDFs cells that are related to expression of protein A) The Western blot analysis revealed AMPK, Akt, mTOR, SIRT6, and FOXO3 protein expression B) The band signal intensity ratio of AMPK, Akt, mTOR, SIRT6, and FOXO3 protein per actin. Data are represented in means ± SD of three independent experiments.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Summary of longevity effects of coconut water on Human dermal fibroblasts.
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