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. 2025 Aug;62(8):1205-1212.
doi: 10.1007/s00592-024-02439-2. Epub 2025 Jan 6.

Impact of continuous glucose monitoring on pregnancy outcomes in women with pregestational diabetes

Isabel Hinojal  1 , Angel Chimenea  2   3   4 , Guillermo Antiñolo  5   6   7   8 , Lutgardo García-Díaz  5   7
Affiliations

Impact of continuous glucose monitoring on pregnancy outcomes in women with pregestational diabetes

Isabel Hinojal et al. Acta Diabetol. 2025 Aug.

Abstract

Aims: This study aims to evaluate the impact of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) on pregnancy outcomes in women with pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM).

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 387 pregnant women with PGDM at Virgen del Rocío University Hospital in Seville, spanning from 2016 to 2022. The patients were categorized into two groups: 212 women who used continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and 175 women who self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). The study evaluated maternal characteristics, pregnancy complications, delivery methods, neonatal outcomes, and congenital anomalies.

Results: The CGM group exhibited lower weight gain during pregnancy (9.6 kg vs. 10.0 kg, p = 0.02) and required fewer prenatal visits (7 vs. 8, p = 0.01). The rate of cesarean sections was significantly lower in the CGM group (53.1% vs. 58.2%, p = 0.03), and the incidence of macrosomia was reduced (12.9% vs. 22.2%, p = 0.04). There were no significant differences in congenital anomalies, intrauterine fetal deaths, or neonatal deaths between the groups.

Conclusions: CGM in pregnant women with PGDM is associated with better pregnancy outcomes, including reduced cesarean section rates and lower incidence of macrosomia. These findings support the wider implementation of CGM for improved maternal and fetal health in PGDM pregnancies.

Keywords: Cesarean section; Continuous glucose monitoring; Glycemic control; Macrosomia; Obstetric management; Pregestational diabetes mellitus; Pregnancy outcomes.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: nstitutional Review Board approval of this study was obtained from the Andalusian Ethical Committee (Spain) on 21 November 2021 (ref. 1657-N-21). The requirement for informed consent was officially waived because the data were de-identified, and due to the anonymous nature of the data collection process. The research protocol was submitted to the Andalusian Ethical Committee before starting the collection of data. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and other nationally valid relevant guidelines and regulations. Competing interest: The authors declare that there are no competing interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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