Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2025 Apr;46(4):1509-1524.
doi: 10.1007/s10072-024-07970-2. Epub 2025 Jan 6.

Genetic mutations in kinases: a comprehensive review on marketed inhibitors and unexplored targets in Parkinson's disease

Amir Raza  1 , Jeevika Raina  1 , Sanjeev Kumar Sahu  1 , Pankaj Wadhwa  2
Affiliations
Review

Genetic mutations in kinases: a comprehensive review on marketed inhibitors and unexplored targets in Parkinson's disease

Amir Raza et al. Neurol Sci. 2025 Apr.

Abstract

This comprehensive review navigates the landscape of genetic mutations in kinases, offering a thorough examination of both marketed inhibitors and unexplored targets in the context of Parkinson's Disease (PD). Although existing treatments for PD primarily center on symptom management, progress in comprehending the molecular foundations of the disease has opened avenues for targeted therapeutic approaches. This review encompasses an in-depth analysis of four key kinases-PINK1, LRRK2, GAK, and PRKRA-revealing that LRRK2 has garnered the most attention with a plethora of marketed inhibitors. However, the study underscores notable gaps in the exploration of inhibitors for PINK1, GAK, and a complete absence for PRKRA. The observed scarcity of inhibitors for these kinases emphasizes a significant area of untapped potential in PD therapeutics. By drawing attention to these unexplored targets, the review highlights the urgent need for focused research and drug development efforts to diversify the therapeutic landscape, potentially providing novel interventions for halting or slowing the progression of PD.

Keywords: Genetic factor; Inhibitor; Mutation; Parkinson’s disease.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethical approval: This review article does not involve any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. As this is a literature-based review, no ethical approval was required. Competing interest: Authors declare no competing interests.

References

    1. Marras C, Beck J, Bower J, Roberts E, Ritz B, Ross G, Abbott R, Savica R, Van Den Eeden S, Willis A (2018) Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease across North America. NPJ Parkinson’s disease 4(1):21 - PubMed - PMC
    1. Vacca VM Jr (2019) Parkinson disease: Enhance nursing knowledge. Nursing 2022 49(11):24–32
    1. Alissa M, Lones MA, Cosgrove J, Alty JE, Jamieson S, Smith SL, Vallejo M (2022) Parkinson’s disease diagnosis using convolutional neural networks and figure-copying tasks. Neural Comput Appl1–21
    1. Bloem BR, Okun MS, Klein C (2021) Parkinson’s disease. The Lancet 397(10291):2284–2303
    1. Maiti P, Manna J, Dunbar GL (2017) Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms in Parkinson’s disease: Targets for potential treatments. Transl Neurodegener 6:1–35

MeSH terms

Substances

LinkOut - more resources