Consanguinity and hearing loss prevalence among Saudi Arabia population

Abstract

Background: Childhood hearing loss (CHL) is a condition that can have a variety of causes, including genetic and environmental and its prevalence is thought to be high in Saudi Arabian population mainly due to consanguineous unions. This systematic literature review aims to conclude the prevalence of hereditary hearing loss and its risk factors among the Saudi population.

Methods: In September 2023, a thorough search was performed on the PubMed, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases. Two reviewers independently reviewed the literature and gathered data. The search criteria encompassed ethics and dissemination. The systematic review and meta-analysis utilized information sourced from openly accessible research articles, thereby avoiding the involvement of any individuals or animals in the study.

Results: The search identified nine relevant studies. Consanguinity prevalence ranged from 21.1 % to 80.8 %, with first cousin marriages being common. The prevalence of CHL among offspring from consanguineous marriages was consistently higher than non-consanguineous unions. A meta-analysis was not feasible due to heterogeneity in study designs and outcomes. The risk of CHL in offspring from consanguineous marriages was significantly elevated, as evidenced by Almazroua's study (2020) reporting a 3.5 times higher risk. Genetic factors and hereditary influences were underscored by the studies, with variations in prevalence and risk factors.

Conclusion: This systematic review reveals a substantial association between consanguinity and an increased risk of congenital sensorineural hearing loss in the Saudi Arabian population. The prevalence of consanguinity, coupled with the consistently higher prevalence of CHL among offspring from such unions, emphasizes the need for targeted public health interventions. Educational programs, genetic counseling, and expanded premarital screening programs are warranted to address the impact of consanguinity on hearing health in Saudi Arabia.