Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Commensal Escherichia coli Isolates from Chickens in Hungarian Poultry Farms Between 2022 and 2023

Abstract

Background: Widespread use of antibiotics has led to a global increase in resistance. The Escherichia coli bacterium is a facultative pathogen that often develops antibiotic resistance and is easily transmitted, not only in animal health but also in public health. Within the poultry sector, domestic fowl is widespread and one of the most dynamically growing sectors, which is why regular, extensive monitoring is crucial. Among economically important livestock, poultry as a major source of animal protein for humans is a frequent carrier of Escherichia coli, also with sporadically detected clinical disease. Methods: Our research evaluates the susceptibility of commensal Escherichia coli strains, isolated from large domestic fowl flocks in Hungary, to antibiotics of animal and public health importance, by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration value. Results: A total of 410 isolates were tested, with the highest level of resistance being found for florfenicol (62.7%). Particularly alarming are the resistance rates to enrofloxacin (52.9%), colistin (30.7%), and ceftriaxone (23.9%). We also found a resistance of 56.1% to amoxicillin and 22.2% to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, which suggests that the majority of strains are β-lactamase-producing. When compared with the national human resistance data, we found with similar values for amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, but the resistance rates of aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and potency sulfonamide were worse in animal health. Conclusions: In conclusion, our results suggest that periodic surveys should be carried out and that long-term trends can be established that allow the monitoring of resistance patterns over time. For multidrug-resistant strains, new generation sequencing can be used to investigate the genetic background of resistance.

Keywords: Escherichia coli; Hungary; MIC; antimicrobial resistance; chickens; minimum inhibitory concentration; poultry.

Figure 1

A correlation study of antimicrobial resistance to individual substances, based on the results of Escherichia coli (n = 410) samples isolated from domestic chickens.

Figure 2

Cluster analysis of Escherichia coli strains (n = 410) isolated from domestic chickens based on the antibiotic resistance profile of the samples.

Figure 3

The analysis performed using principal component analysis (PCA) in conjunction with cluster analysis grouped the samples into three main clusters based on their antimicrobial resistance patterns (purple—1, green—2, yellow—3).

Figure 4

The susceptibility of Escherichia coli strains isolated from broilers (n = 410) to antibiotics of animal and public health significance.

Figure 5

Comparison of Escherichia coli strains isolated from broilers and human resistance data for available antibiotics.