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. 2024 Dec 12;13(24):4017.
doi: 10.3390/foods13244017.

Combining Metal(loid) and Secondary Metabolite Levels in Olea europaea L. Samples for Geographical Identification

Raffaello Nardin  1   2 , Gabriella Tamasi  1   2 , Michele Baglioni  1   2 , Giacomo Fattori  1   2 , Amedeo Boldrini  1   2 , Rodolfo Esposito  1   2 , Claudio Rossi  1   2
Affiliations

Combining Metal(loid) and Secondary Metabolite Levels in Olea europaea L. Samples for Geographical Identification

Raffaello Nardin et al. Foods. .

Abstract

To fight counterfeits, and to protect the consumer, the interest in certifying the origin of agricultural goods has been growing in recent years. In this context and to increase the accuracy of zoning models, multiple analytical techniques must be combined via a multivariate approach. During the sampling campaign, leaves and fruits (olives or drupes) were collected from multiple orchards and farms. By means of HPLC-DAD, metabolite levels were evaluated and combined with the trace and ultra-trace metal/metalloid levels evaluated by ICP-MS (QqQ). The combined dataset was then used to develop a model for geographical traceability. Furthermore, the mineral content of the soil, evaluated by means of ICP-MS, was correlated with both the mineral content in the leaves and drupes and the metabolomic profiles to further investigate the connection between the orchard's location and characteristics of the final products.

Keywords: HPLC; ICP-MS; PCA-LDA; metabolites; olive; traceability.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Position of the farms/orchards from where samples were collected. Zone A roughly corresponds to the Colli Senesi Region, Zone B Val d’Arbia, Zone C Val D’Orcia and Zone D Grosseto.
Figure 2
Figure 2
PC1 vs PC2 score projection of the soil mineral composition in the four zones considered. Ellipses are built at a critical T2 value at p = 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Metabolite levels (in mg/g of dried sample) found in the drupe pulps of each cultivar of Olea europaea L. considered.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Metabolite levels (in mg/g of dried sample) found in the leaves of Olea europaea L. for each cultivar considered.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Spectrophotometric assays evaluating the TPC (a) and TEAC (b) results in samples of leaves and drupes of Olea europaea L. for each cultivar considered.
Figure 6
Figure 6
PC1 vs PC2 score projection of the secondary metabolite levels in the drupes of the three cultivars considered. Grey ellipses: critical T2 value at p = 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001.
Figure 7
Figure 7
PC1 vs PC2 score projection of the mineral levels in the drupe samples in the four areas. Ellipses: critical T2 value at p = 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001.
Figure 8
Figure 8
PC1 vs PC2 score projection of the mineral levels in the leaf samples in the four areas. Ellipses: critical T2 value at p = 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001.
Figure 9
Figure 9
(a,c,e), LDA discriminating the variety of drupes; (b,d,f) the geographical zone. (a,b) PCA-LDA using mineral content, (c,d) HPLC metabolites, (e,f) PCA-LDA approach on both datasets. White histograms report the results of the repeated test validation, dark grey report cross validation.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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