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Review
. 2024 Dec 13;13(24):7616.
doi: 10.3390/jcm13247616.

Gout and Hyperuricemia: A Narrative Review of Their Comorbidities and Clinical Implications

Janis Timsans  1   2 , Antti Palomäki  3   4 , Markku Kauppi  1   5
Affiliations
Review

Gout and Hyperuricemia: A Narrative Review of Their Comorbidities and Clinical Implications

Janis Timsans et al. J Clin Med. .

Abstract

Gout is the most common form of inflammatory arthritis, caused by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the joints due to elevated serum uric acid levels. Its prevalence and associated healthcare burden have been rising in recent decades, a trend expected to continue. It is crucial to recognize that gout and hyperuricemia are not merely causes of painful joint flares, but systemic metabolic disorders linked to a broad spectrum of comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, insulin resistance, steatotic liver disease, osteoarthritis, and respiratory and eye diseases. Numerous risk factors for gout and hyperuricemia have been identified, with recent research uncovering further associations with other conditions. To optimize patient outcomes, gout and hyperuricemia must be addressed through a holistic approach that accounts for these risk factors while providing comprehensive management of related comorbidities affecting various organ systems. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the risk factors, comorbidities, and clinical implications of gout and hyperuricemia. Future research should focus on improving patient outcomes by tailoring treatments individually and addressing the underlying metabolic comorbidities of gout with multimodal treatment.

Keywords: comorbidities; gout; gouty arthritis; hyperuricemia; metabolic hyperuricemia; renal hyperuricemia.

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Conflict of interest statement

J.T. has received lecture fees from Fresenius-Kabi and travel expenses from Novartis, UCB, Viatris, Pfizer, and AbbVie, which are all unrelated to this work. A.P. has received consulting fees from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Abbvie, and Johnson&Johnson; lecture fees from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Pfizer, and Abbvie; and travel expenses from Novartis, which are all unrelated to this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Comorbidities associated with gout and hyperuricemia. Source of image: Wikimedia Commons. Labels added by the authors of this article.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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