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Review
. 2024 Dec 17;17(12):1703.
doi: 10.3390/ph17121703.

Salidroside: An Overview of Its Promising Potential and Diverse Applications

Keke Liang  1   2 , Shuhe Ma  1   2 , Kai Luo  1   2 , Renjie Wang  1   2 , Chenrong Xiao  2 , Xianxie Zhang  2 , Yue Gao  2   3 , Maoxing Li  1   2   3
Affiliations
Review

Salidroside: An Overview of Its Promising Potential and Diverse Applications

Keke Liang et al. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). .

Abstract

Salidroside, a phenolic compound isolated from various Rhodiola plants, is the principal active constituent of Traditional Chinese Medicine known for its adaptogenic properties. Due to the challenging environment of Rhodiola species, such as high altitude, high radiation, drought, and hypoxia, the source of salidroside is scarce. However, numerous studies have shown that salidroside has a range of biological activities, including cardiovascular and central nervous system activity, and anti-hypoxia, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging activities. Although previous studies have partially summarized the pharmacological effects of salidroside, the overall pharmacological effects have not been analyzed. Hence, this review will systematically summarize the isolation, purification, synthesis, derivatization, pharmacological activity, pharmacokinetics, clinical application, and safety of salidroside. It is expected to provide new insights for the further research and pharmaceutical development of salidroside.

Keywords: clinical application; pharmacology; review; safety; salidroside; signaling pathways.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 3
Figure 3
The distribution of Rhodiola (the color of the hexagons represents the number of distribution records in each hexagon) [11].
Figure 1
Figure 1
Rhodiola plants and herbal slices. (A) Rhodiola plants. (B) Rhodiola herbal slices.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The structure of salidroside.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The extraction method of salidroside.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Synthesis of salidroside (A) by reaction of tyrosol (1) with bromotetraacetyl glucose (2).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Dibenzyl protects salidroside (A) synthesis of the phenol hydroxyl group of tyrosol.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Synthetic strategy of salidroside (A) from p-bromophenol.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Synthetic strategy of salidroside (A) [46].
Figure 9
Figure 9
Synthetic strategies of salidroside (A) [47].
Figure 10
Figure 10
Synthesis strategy of salidroside (A) [50].
Figure 11
Figure 11
Biosynthetic pathway of salidroside.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Proposed biosynthetic pathways of salidroside [56].
Figure 13
Figure 13
The last reaction of salidroside biosynthesis.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Structure of salidroside derivatives. Note: Compounds 1-4 are all salidroside derivatives.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Synthetic route of salidroside derivatization [73]. Note: (A) The dianalogues of salidroside were screened as compounds 5 and 6 according to (B); (B) The synthetic route of salidroside analogues.
Figure 16
Figure 16
The central nervous system protects the activity of the salidroside.
Figure 17
Figure 17
The cardiovascular system protection activity of salidroside.
Figure 18
Figure 18
The anti-inflammatory activity of salidroside.
Figure 19
Figure 19
The hypoxia activity of salidroside.
Figure 20
Figure 20
Pharmacological profiles of salidroside. Note: "↑" indicates an increase and "↓" indicates a decrease.
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